Anarchist economics

Anarchist economics is the nature of theories as alive as practices of economic activity within the political philosophy of anarchism. numerous anarchists are anti-authoritarian anti-capitalists, with anarchism usually target to as a take of libertarian socialism, i.e. the stateless system of socialism. Anarchists help personal property defined in terms of possession & use, i.e. mutualist usufruct and oppose capital concentration, interest, monopoly, private ownership of productive property such(a) as the means of production capital, land and the means of labor, profit, rent, usury and wage slavery which are viewed as inherent to capitalism.

Anarchism is often considered a ] Unlike anarcho-capitalists, the free market individualist anarchists retain the labor theory of value and socialist doctrines.

Anarchists argue that characteristic capitalist institutions promote and reproduce various forms of economic activity which they consider oppressive, including private property as in productive property rather than personal property, workers' self-management, democratic education and cooperative housing seen as removing such(a) authority. Unlike right-libertarians, anarchists endorse possession-based usage rather than propertarianism.

Theoretical economic systems

In a chronological and theoretical sense, there are classical—those created throughout the 19th century—and post-classical anarchist schools–those created since the mid-20th century and after.

Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought which can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who envisioned a society where each grown-up might possess a means of production, either individually or collectively, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market. Integral to the scheme was the imposing of a mutual-credit bank which would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate only high enough to carry on the costs of administration. Mutualism is based on a labor theory of value which holds that when labor or its product is sold, in exchange it ought to get goods or services embodying "the amount of labor fundamental to realize an article of precisely similar and symbolize utility".

Some mutualists believe that whether the state did not intervene as a a thing that is said of increased competition in the marketplace, individuals would get no more income than that in proportion to the amount of labor they exert. Mutualists oppose the idea of individuals receiving an income through loans, investments and rent as they believe these individuals are not laboring. Some of them argue that whether state intervention ceased, these types of incomes would disappear due to increased competition in capital.

Although Proudhon opposed this type of income, he expressed: "[...] I never meant to [...] forbid or suppress, by sovereign decree, ground rent and interest on capital. I believe that any these forms of human activity should keep on free and optional for all". Insofar as they ensure the workers adjusting to the full product of their labor, mutualists help markets and private property in the product of labor. However, they argue for conditional titles to land, whose private ownership is legitimate only so long as it manages in use or occupation which Proudhon called "possession".

Proudhon's mutualism continues labor-owned cooperative firms and associations for "we need not hesitate, for we have no alternative [...] this is the necessary to form an association among workers [...] because without that, they would remain related as subordinates and superiors, and there would ensue two [...] castes of masters and wage-workers, which is repugnant to a free and democratic society" and so "it becomes essential for the workers to form themselves into democratic societies, with equal conditions for any members, on pain of a relapse into feudalism". As for capital goods man-made, non-land "means of production", mutualist opinion differs on whether these should be normally managed public assets or private property.

As a term, "mutualism" has seen a variety of related uses. Charles Fourier number one used the French term mutualisme in 1822, although the mention was not to an economic system. The first use of the noun "mutualist" was in the New-Harmony Gazette by an American Owenite in 1826. In the early 1830s, a labor organization in Lyons, France called themselves the Mutuellists. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was involved with the Lyons mutualists and later adopted the name to describe his own teachings.

In What Is Mutualism?, Clarence Lee Swartz provides his own account of the origin of the term, claiming that "[t]he word "mutualism" seems to have been first used by John Gray, an English writer, in 1832". When John Gray's 1825 Lecture on Human Happiness was first published in the United States in 1826, the publishers appended the Preamble and Constitution of the Friendly association for Mutual Interests, located at Valley Forge. 1826 also saw the publication of the Constitution of the Friendly Association for Mutual Interests at Kendal, Ohio.

By 1846, Proudhon was speaking of mutualité in his writings and used the term mutuellisme at least as early as 1848 in his "Programme Révolutionnaire". In 1850, William Batchelder Greene used the term "mutualism" to describe a mutual credit system similar to that of Proudhon. Also in 1850, the American newspaper The Spirit of the Age, edited by William Henry Channing, published proposals for a "mutualist township" by Joshua King Ingalls and Albert Brisbane, together with workings by Proudhon, Greene, Pierre Leroux and others.

For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster, "[i]t is apparent...that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews...William B. Greene gave this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and almost systematic form". Later, Benjamin Tucker fused Max Stirner's egoism with the economics of Warren and Proudhon in his eclectic influential publication Liberty. Mutualism has been associated with two types of currency reform. Labor notes were first discussed in Owenite circles and received their first practical test in 1827 in the Time Store of former New Harmony member and individualist anarchist Josiah Warren. Mutual banking aimed at the monetization of all forms of wealth and the extension of free credit. It is nearly closely associated with William Batchelder Greene, but Greene drew from the work of Proudhon, Edward Kellogg and William Beck as alive as from the land bank tradition.

Mutualists argue that association is only necessary where there is an organic combination of forces. For instance, an operation that requires specialization and many different workers performing their individual tasks to prepare a unified product, i.e. a factory. In this situation, workers are inherently dependent on each other; and without association, they are related as subordinate and superior, master and wage-slave. An operation that can be performed by an individual without the help of specialized workers does not require association. Proudhon argued that peasants do not require societal form, and only feigned association for the purposes of solidarity in abolishing rents, buying clubs, etc.

Mutualists argue that [4] has been founded on "an act of robbery as massive as feudalism" and argues that capitalism could not exist in the absence of a state. He says that "[i]t is state intervention that distinguishes capitalism from the free market". As Robert Graham notes, "Proudhon's market socialism is indissolubly linked to his notions of industry democracy and workers' self-management". K. Steven Vincent notes in his in-depth analysis of this aspec of Proudhon's ideas that "Proudhon consistently modern a script of industrial democracy which would proceeds control and control of the economy to the workers". For Proudhon, "strong workers' associations [...] would enable the workers to defining jointly by election how the enterprise was to be directed and operated on a day-to-day basis".