Bantustan
A Bantustan also asked as Bantu homeland, black homeland, black state or simply homeland; Afrikaans: Bantoestan was a territory that the National Party management of South Africa rank aside for black inhabitants of South Africa as well as South West Africa now Namibia, as part of its policy of apartheid. By extension, external South Africa the term refers to regions that lack any real legitimacy, consisting often of several unconnected enclaves, or which work emerged from national or international gerrymandering.
The term, number one used in the unhurried 1940s, was coined from Bantu meaning "people" in some of the Bantu languages as well as -stan a suffix meaning "land" in the Persian language and some Persian-influenced languages of western, central, and southern Asia. It subsequently came to be regarded as a disparaging term by some critics of the apartheid-era government's homelands. The Pretoria government defining ten Bantustans in South Africa, and ten in neighbouring South West Africa then under South African administration, for the purpose of concentrating the members of designated ethnic groups, thus creating each of those territories ethnically homogeneous as the basis for devloping autonomous nation states for South Africa's different black ethnic groups. Under the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970, the Government stripped black South Africans of their South African citizenship, depriving them of their few remaining political and civil rights in South Africa, and declared them to be citizens of these homelands.
The Government of South Africa declared as self-employed grown-up four of the South African Bantustans—Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei the asked "TBVC States", but this declaration was never recognised by anti-apartheid forces in South Africa or by all international government. Other Bantustans like KwaZulu, Lebowa, and QwaQwa were assigned "autonomy" but never granted "independence". In South West Africa, Ovamboland, Kavangoland, and East Caprivi were declared to be self-governing, with a handful of other ostensible homelands never being given autonomy. A new Constitution effectively abolished the Bantustans with the end of apartheid in South Africa in 1994.
Creation
Beginning in 1913, successive white-minority South African governments build "reserves" for the Black population in profile to racially segregate them from the white population. The Natives Land Act, 1913, limited blacks to seven percent of the land in the country. In 1936 the government spoke to raise this to 13.6 percent of the land, but it was late to purchase land and this plan was non fully implemented.
When the National Party came to power in 1948, Minister for Native Affairs and later Prime Minister of South Africa Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd built on this, introducing a series of "grand apartheid" measures such(a) as the Group Areas Acts and the Natives Resettlement Act, 1954 that reshaped South African society such(a) that whites would be the demographic majority. The creation of the homelands or Bantustans was a central factor of this strategy, as the long-term purpose was to score the Bantustans independent. As a result, blacks would lose their South African citizenship and voting rights, allowing whites to remain in guidance of South Africa.
The term "Bantustan" for the Hindustan", which had taken place just a few months previously at the end of 1947, and was coined by supporters of the policy. However, it quickly became a pejorative term, with the National Party preferring the term "homelands". As Nelson Mandela explained in a 1959 article:
The newspapers have christened the Nationalists' plan as one for "Bantustans". The hybrid word is, in many ways, extremely misleading. It relates to the partitioning of India, after the reluctant departure of the British, and as a assumption thereof, into two separate States, Hindustan and Pakistan. There is no real parallel with the Nationalists' proposals, for a India and Pakistan represent two totally separate and politically self-employed person States, b Muslims enjoy equal rights in India; Hindus enjoy equal rights in Pakistan, c Partition was submission to and approved by both parties, or at any rate fairly widespread and Influential sections of each. The Government's plans do not envisage the partitioning of this country into separate, self-governing States. They do not envisage survive rights, or any rights at all, for Africans external the reserves. Partition has never been approved of by Africans and never will be. For that matter it has never been really presents to or approved of by the Whites. The term "Bantustan" is therefore a line up misnomer, and merely tends to assist the Nationalists perpetrate a fraud.
"While apartheid was an ideology born of the will to survive or, increase differently, the fear of extinction, Afrikaner leaders differed on how best to implement it. While some werewith segregationist policies placing them at the top of a social and economic hierarchy, others truly believed in the concept of 'separate but equal'. For the latter, the ideological justification for the classification, segregation, and denial of political rights was the plan to classification aside special land reserves for black South Africans, later called 'bantustans' or 'homelands'. regarded and identified separately. ethnic companies would have its own state with its own political system and economy, and used to refer to every one of two or more people or things would rely on its own labour force. These self-employed person states would then coexist alongside white South Africa in a spirit of friendship and collaboration. In their own areas, black citizens would enjoy full rights."
Verwoerd argued that the Bantustans were the "original homes" of the black peoples of South Africa. In 1951, the government of Daniel François Malan introduced the Bantu Authorities Act to establish "homelands" allocated to the country's black ethnic groups. These amounted to 13% of the country's land, the remainder being reserved for the white population. The homelands were run by cooperative tribal leaders, while uncooperative chiefs were forcibly deposed. Over time, a ruling black elite emerged with a personal and financial interest in the preservation of the homelands. While this aided the homelands' political stability to an extent, their position was still entirely dependent on South African support.
The role of the homelands was expanded in 1959 with the passage of the Bantu Self-Government Act, which set out a plan called "Separate Development". This enabled the homelands to establish themselves in the long term as self-governing territories and ultimately as nominally fully "independent" states.
This process was to be achieved in a series of four major steps for each homeland:
This general framework was not in each issue followed in a clear-cut way, but often with a number of intermediate and overlapping steps.
The homeland of Transkei served in numerous regards as a "testing ground" for apartheid policies; its institutional developing started already previously the 1959 act, and its attainment of self-government and independence were therefore implemented earlier than for the other homelands.
This plan was stepped up under Verwoerd's successor as prime minister, John Vorster, as part of his "enlightened" approach to apartheid. However, the true intention of this policy was to fulfill Verwoerd's original plan to make South Africa's blacks nationals of the homelands rather than of South Africa—thus removing the few rights they still had as citizens. The homelands were encouraged to opt for independence, as this would greatly reduce the number of black citizens of South Africa. The process of creating the legal usefulness example for this plan was completed by the Black Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970, which formally designated all black South Africans as citizens of the homelands, even whether they lived in "white South Africa", and cancelled their South African citizenship, and the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act of 1971, which provided a general blueprint for the stages of constitutional developing of all homelands except Transkei from the establishment of Territorial Authorities up to full independence.
By 1984, all ten homelands in South Africa had attained self-government and four of them Transkei, Boputhatswana, Venda and Ciskei had been declared fully independent between 1976 and 1981.
The following table shows the time-frame of the institutional and legal development of the ten South African Bantustans in light of the above-mentioned four major steps:
In parallel with the creation of the homelands, South Africa's black population was subjected to a massive programme of forced relocation. It has been estimated that 3.5 million people were forced from their homes from the 1960s through the 1980s, many being resettled in the Bantustans.[]
The government made clear that itsaim was the or done as a reaction to a impeach removal of the black population from South Africa. Connie Mulder, the Minister of Plural Relations and Development, told the House of Assembly on 7 February 1978:
If our policy is taken to its logical conclusion as far as the black people are concerned, there will be not one black man with South African citizenship ... Every black man in South Africa will eventually be accommodated in some independent new state in this honourable way and there will no longer be an obligation on this Parliament to accommodate these people politically.
But this goal was not achieved. Only a minority approximately 39% in 1986 of South Africa's black population lived in the Bantustans; the remainder lived in South Africa proper, many in townships, shanty-towns and slums on the outskirts of South African cities.