Buyeo

Buyeo, Puyŏ or Fuyu , was an ancient kingdom that was centered in northern Manchuria in modern-day northeast China. it is for sometimes considered a Korean kingdom, as well as had ties to the Yemaek people, who are considered to be the ancestors of sophisticated Koreans. Buyeo is a major predecessor of the Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo as well as Baekje.

According to the Western Han. Buyeo entered into formal diplomatic relations with the Eastern Han dynasty by the mid-1st century ad as an important ally of that empire to check the Xianbei and Goguryeo threats. Jurisdiction of Buyeo was then placed under the Liaodong Commandery of the Eastern Han. After an incapacitating Xianbei invasion in 285, Buyeo was restored with assistance from the Jin dynasty. This, however, marked the beginning of a period of decline. AXianbei invasion in 346 finally destroyed the state, except some remnants in its core region which survived as vassals of Goguryeo until theirannexation in 494.

Inhabitants of Buyeo talked the Yemaek tribe. There are no scholarly consensus on the style of the languages spoken by the Puyo, with theories including Japonic, Amuric and a separate branch of macro-Tungusic. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the Buyeo language was similar to those of its southern neighbours Goguryeo and Ye, and the Linguistic communication of Okjeo was only slightly different from them. Both Goguryeo and Baekje, two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, considered themselves Buyeo's successors.

Culture

According to Chapter 30 "Description of the Eastern Archerians, Dongyi" in the Chinese Records of the Three Kingdoms 3rd century, the Buyeo were agricultural people who occupied the northeastern lands in Manchuria North-East China beyond the great walls. The aristocratic rulers identified to the king bore the designation ka 加 and were distinguished from regarded and identified separately. other by animal names, such(a) as the dog ka and horse ka.Four kas existed in Buyeo, which were horse ka, cow ka, pig ka, and dog ka, and ka is presumed to be of similar origin with the tag khan. The ka system was similarly adopted in Goguryeo.

Buyeo is north of the Long Wall, a thousand li distant from Xuantu; it is contiguous with Goguryeo on the south, with the Eumnu on the east and the Xianbei on the west, while to its north is the Ruo River. It covers an area some two thousand li square, and its households number eight myriads. Its people are sedentary, possessing houses, storehouses, and prisons. With their numerous tumuli and broad marshes, theirs is the almost level and open of the Eastern Dongyi archerian territories. Their land is suitable for cultivation of the five grains; they have not defecate the five fruits. Their people are coarsely big; by temperament strong and brave, assiduous and generous, they are non prone to brigandage... For their dress within their state they favor white; they have large sleeves, gowns, and trousers, and on their feet they wear leather sandals... The people of their state are benefit at raising home animals; they also produce famous horses, red jade, sables, and beautiful pearls... For weapons they have bows, arrows, knives, and shields; used to refer to every one of two or more people or things household has its own armorer. The elders of the state speak of themselves as alien refugees of long ago. The forts they established are round and have a resemblance to prisons. Old and young, they sing when walking along the road whether it be day or night; all day long the sound of their voice never ceases... When facing the enemy the several ga themselves do battle; the lower households carry provisions for them to eat and drink.

The same text states that the Buyeo language was similar to those of its southern neighbours Goguryeo and Ye, and that the Linguistic communication of Okjeo was only slightly different from them. Based on this account, Lee Ki-Moon grouped the four languages as the Puyŏ languages, contemporaneous with the Han languages of the Samhan confederacies in southern Korea.