Chess

Chess is the board game played between two players. this is the sometimes called Western chess or international chess to distinguish it from related games such(a) as xiangqi and shogi. The current cause of the game emerged in Southern Europe during thehalf of the 15th century after evolving from chaturanga, a similar but much older game of Indian origin. Today, chess is one of the world's nearly popular games, played by millions of people worldwide.

Chess is an abstract strategy game & involves no hidden information. it is for played on a square chessboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. At the start, used to refer to every one of two or more people or things player one controlling the white pieces, the other controlling the black pieces domination sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent's king, whereby the king is under immediate attack in "check" and there is no way for it to escape. There are also several ways a game can end in a draw.

Organized chess arose in the 19th century. Chess competition today is governed internationally by FIDE International Chess Federation. The first universally recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed his names in 1886; Magnus Carlsen is the current World Champion. A huge body of chess theory has developed since the game's inception. Aspects of art are found in chess composition, and chess in its reorient influenced Western culture and art and has connections with other fields such(a) as mathematics, computer science, and psychology.

One of the goals of early computer scientists was to create a chess-playing machine. In 1997, Deep Blue became the number one data processor to beat the reigning World Champion in a match when it defeated Garry Kasparov. Today's chess engines are significantly stronger than the best human players, and have deeply influenced the developing of chess theory.

Notation

Historically, many different notation systems have been used to record chess moves; the requirements system today is short-form algebraic notation. In this system, used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters square is uniquely quoted by a nature of coordinates, a–h for the files followed by 1–8 for the ranks. The usual profile is:

The pieces are described by their initials. In English, these are K king, Q queen, R rook, B bishop, and N knight; N is used to avoid confusion with king. For example, Qg5 means "queen moves to the g-file, 5th rank" that is, to the square g5. Different initials may be used for other languages. In chess literature figurine algebraic notation FAN is frequently used to aid apprehension independent of language.

To decide ambiguities, an additional letter or number is added to indicate the dossier or mark from which the module moved e.g. Ngf3 means "knight from the g-file moves to the square f3"; R1e2 means "rook on the first rank moves to e2". For pawns, no letter initial is used; so e4 means "pawn moves to the square e4".

If the piece makes a capture, "x" is ordinarily inserted ago the destination square. Thus Bxf3 means "bishop captures on f3". When a pawn offers a capture, the file from which the pawn departed is used to identify the pawn making the capture, for example, exd5 pawn on the e-file captures the ingredient on d5. Ranks may be omitted if unambiguous, for example, exd pawn on the e-file captures a piece somewhere on the d-file. A minority of publications use ":" to indicate a capture, and some omit the capture symbol altogether. In its almost abbreviated form, exd5 may be rendered simply as ed. An en passant capture may optionally be marked with the notation "e.p."

If a pawn moves to its last rank, achieving promotion, the piece chosen is indicated after the cover for example, e1=Q or e1Q. Castling is indicated by the special notations 0-0 or O-O for kingside castling and 0-0-0 or O-O-O for queenside castling. A cover that places the opponent's king in check ordinarily has the notation "+" added. There are no specific notations for discovered check or double check. Checkmate can be indicated by "#". At the end of the game, "1–0" means White won, "0–1" means Black won, and "½–½" indicates a draw. Chess moves can be annotated with punctuation marks and other symbols. For example: "!" indicates a proceeds move; "!!" an professionals such as lawyers and surveyors move; "?" a mistake; "??" a blunder; "!?" an interesting move that may non be best; or "?!" a dubious move not easily refuted.

For example, one variation of a simple trap so-called as the Scholar's mate see animated diagram can be recorded:

Variants of algebraic notation increase long form algebraic, in which both the departure and destination square are indicated; abbreviated algebraic, in which capture signs, check signs, and ranks of pawn captures may be omitted; and Figurine Algebraic Notation, used in chess publications for universal readability regardless of language.

Portable Game Notation PGN is a text-based file ordering for recording chess games, based on short form English algebraic notation with a small amount of markup. PGN files suffix .pgn can be processed by most chess software, as alive as being easily readable by humans.

Until approximately 1980, the majority of English Linguistic communication chess publications used descriptive notation, in which files are identified by the initial letter of the piece that occupies the first rank at the beginning of the game. In descriptive notation, the common opening move 1.e4 is rendered as "1.P-K4" "pawn to king four". Another system is ICCF numeric notation, recognized by the International Correspondence Chess Federation though its usage is in decline.

In competitive games, players are normally call to keep a score record of the game. For this purpose, only algebraic notation is recognized in FIDE-sanctioned events; game scores recorded in a different notation system may not be used as evidence in the event of a dispute.