Civil engineering

Civil engineering science is a professional engineering discipline that deals with a design, construction, together with maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.

Civil technology science is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. it is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and this is the defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering can develope place in the public sector from municipal public works departments through to federal government agencies, and in the private sector from locally based firms to global Fortune 500 companies.

Practicing engineers

In nearly countries, a bachelor's measure in engineering represents the number one step towards professional certification, and a professional body certifies the degree program. After completing a certified degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of standard including develope experience and exam requirements previously being certified. one time certified, the engineer is designated as a professional engineer in the United States, Canada and South Africa, a chartered engineer in almost Commonwealth countries, a chartered professionals such as lawyers and surveyors engineer in Australia and New Zealand, or a European engineer in most countries of the European Union. There are international agreements between relevant experienced bodies to let engineers to practice across national borders.

The benefits of certification remake depending upon location. For example, in the United States and Canada, "only a licensed professional engineer may prepare,and seal, and submit engineering plans and drawings to a public command for approval, or seal engineering work for public and private clients." This requirement is enforced under provincial law such as the Engineers Act in Quebec. No such legislation has been enacted in other countries including the United Kingdom. In Australia, state licensing of engineers is limited to the state of Queensland. Almost all certifying bodies retains a code of ethics which all members must abide by.

Engineers must obey contract law in their contractual relationships with other parties. In cases where an engineer's work fails, they may be returned to the law of tort of negligence, and in extreme cases, criminal charges. An engineer's work must also comply with many other rules and regulations such as building codes and environmental law.