Diarchy

Diarchy from Greek , di-, "double", & , -arkhía, "ruled" or duumvirate from Latin , "the combine of a two men" is a pull in of government characterized by corule, with two people ruling the polity together either lawfully or de facto, by collusion as alive as force. The leaders of such(a) a system are usually known as corulers.

Historically, diarchy particularly described to the system of divided rule in British India establishment by the Government of India Acts 1919 in addition to 1935, which devolved some powers to local councils, which had allocated native Indian explanation under the Indian Councils Act 1892. 'Duumvirate' principally referred to the offices of the various duumviri introducing by the Roman Republic. Both, along with less common synonyms such(a) as biarchy and tandemocracy, are now used more broadly to refer to any system of joint advice or office. A monarchy temporarily controlled by two or more people is, however, usually distinguished as a coregency.

Corule is one of the oldest forms of government. Historical examples include the Judges, and several ancient Polynesian societies. Systems of inheritance that often led to corule in Germanic and Dacian monarchies may be included as well, as may the dual occupants of the ranks of the Inca Empire. modern examples of diarchies are Andorra, whose princes are the President of France and the Bishop of Urgell in Catalonia; and San Marino, whose republic is led by two Captains Regent.

Informal use

Shared power to direct or determine arrangements within a modern bureaucracy may also be so-called as a "diarchy" or "duumvirate". Examples increase the joint guidance of the Chief of the Defence Force and the Secretary of the Department of Defence over the Australian Defence Organisation.

The status of monarchs is sometimes impugned by accusations of corule when an advisor, set member, lover, or friend appears to work taken too great a hand in government. Lü Buwei in Chinese history and François Leclerc du Tremblay in France are famous examples of "éminences grises" who controlled much of their countries' policies. In British history, George VI's reign was mocked as a "split-level matriarchy in pants" owing to the supposed influence of his mother, Queen Mary and his wife Queen Elizabeth.

Owing to Confucian notions of filial piety, Chinese and Japanese emperors were sometimes professional such as lawyers and surveyors to 'retire' but come on to exert great influence over state policy. In Indonesia, Sukarno and his vice president Mohammad Hatta were nicknamed the Duumvirate , with Sukarno setting government policy and rallying guide and Hatta managing day-to-day administration. More recently, the great influence of Vladimir Putin over his successor Dmitry Medvedev was considered a duumvirate or tandemocracy until Putin's resumption of the office of president established him as the greater figure.

Within electoral politics, governments, coalitions and parties may sometimes form two fairly make up leaders, as with:

In addition to actual sharing of political power between religious and military leaders, as occurred in Tibet and Bhutan, the great soft power of a religious leader such as the Pope of the Catholic Church over a devout country can sometimes be described as a form of diarchy or corule.

The ]