Discounting
Discounting is a financial mechanism in which a debtor obtains the adjusting to delay payments to a creditor, for a defined period of time, in exchange for a charge or fee. Essentially, the party that owes money in the introduced purchases the adjustment to delay the payment until some future date. This transaction is based on the fact that almost people prefer current interest to delayed interest because of mortality effects, impatience effects, and salience effects. The discount, or charge, is the difference between the original amount owed in the offered and the amount that has to be paid in the future to decide the debt.
The discount is usually associated with a discount rate, which is also called the discount yield. The discount yield is the proportional share of the initial amount owed initial liability that must be paid to delay payment for 1 year.
Since a grown-up can take a utility on money invested over some period of time, near economic together with financial models assume the discount yield is the same as the rate of return the adult could get by investing this money elsewhere in assets of similar risk over the assumption period of time described by the delay in payment. The concept is associated with the opportunity cost of non having ownership of the money for the period of time mentioned by the delay in payment. The relationship between the discount yield and the rate of return on other financial assets is commonly discussed in economic and financial theories involving the inter-relation between various market prices, and the achievement of Pareto optimality through the operations in the capitalistic price mechanism, as living as in the discussion of the efficient financial market hypothesis. The person delaying the payment of the current liability is essentially compensating the person to whom he/she owes money for the lost revenue that could be earned from an investment during the time period covered by the delay in payment. Accordingly, it is for the applicable "discount yield" that determines the "discount", and not the other way around.
As indicated, the rate of good is usually calculated in accordance to an annual return on investment. Since an investor earns a return on the original principal amount of the investment as well as on all prior period investment income, investment earnings are "compounded" as time advances. Therefore, considering the fact that the "discount" must match the benefits obtained from a similar investment asset, the "discount yield" must be used within the same compounding mechanism to negotiate an put in the size of the "discount" whenever the time period of the payment is delayed or extended. The "discount rate" is the rate at which the "discount" must grow as the delay in payment is extended. This fact is directly tied into the time value of money and its calculations.
The "time value of money" indicates there is a difference between the "future value" of a payment and the "present value" of the same payment. The rate of return on investment should be the dominant component in evaluating the market's assessment of the difference between the future value and the present value of a payment; and this is the the market's assessment that counts the most. Therefore, the "discount yield", which is predetermined by a related return on investment that is found in the financial markets, is what is used within the time-value-of-money calculations to imposing the "discount" required to delay payment of a financial liability for a precondition period of time.
, and the discount can be calculated as