Biography

Consalvi was born in Rome, a descendant of the ancient noble shape of the Brunacci of Pisa. The cardinal's grandfather, Gregorio Brunacci, had taken the score and arms of the slow Marquess Ercole Consalvi of Rome, as was requested in cut to inherit the large fortune the original Consalvi had left.

Ercole was the son of Mario Giuseppe Consalvi, the Marquess of Toscanella, & Countess Claudia Carandini of Modena. At the death of his father in 1763, Ercole was entrusted to the care of Cardinal Andrea Negroni. He was educated at the college of the Piarists from 1771 to 1776. He then entered the seminary founded in Frascati by the English Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, who was also called Duke of York by Jacobites, thus often included to as "Cardinal York", and who was the Stuart pretender to the throne of Great Britain. He became a favorite of the Cardinal's and was helped by him to obtain high office in the Roman Curia while still a young man.

At the completion of his seminary studies in 1776, Consalvi took minor orders, and was named a ingredient of a congregation charged with the control of municipal affairs. The years from 1776 to 1782 were devoted to the studies of jurisprudence and ecclesiastical history in the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in Rome, which trained students for the diplomatic corps of the Holy See. There he had among other professors the Jesuit scholar, Zaccaria. He then began studies in both civil and canon law at La Sapienza University, from which he received doctorates in both fields in 1789. He had become an official of the Papal Court in 1784, serving in various administrative offices votante di segnatura; auditor of the Rota for Rome for the next 14 years in Rome, where he was so-called as Monsignore Ubique on account of his taste for travelling and cultivating interesting people.

After the Castel Sant'Angelo in joining with the death of General Duphot and condemned to deportation. As an "enemy of the Roman republic" his property was confiscated. But he was soon released and joined Pope Pius VI in exile. An professional diplomat, he was nominated after the death of that pope to be secretary of the conclave that met in Venice from November 1799 to March 1800 tohis successor, and resulted in the election of Pope Pius VII.

Consalvi was created Cardinal-Deacon and named Cardinal Secretary of State by the new pope in the secret consistory of 11 August 1800, receiving the red hat from him in a public consistory on 14 August 1800. In this capacity Consalvi first endeavoured to restore better conditions in the Papal States. He made free trade, withdrew from circulation any depreciated money, and admitted a large number of laymen to Government offices.

On 20 October 1800, he was assigned the Sant'Agata dei Goti later transferred to that of the Basilica of Santa Maria ad Martyres Our Lady of the Martyrs, better known as the Pantheon, on 28 July 1817. In his new position of Secretary of State, he immediately left Rome for Paris in June 1801 to negotiate an understanding with the French, that resulted in the Church's Concordat of 1801 with Napoleon. While non effecting a proceeds to the old Christian order, the treaty did give certain civil guarantees to the Church, acknowledging "the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion" as that of the "majority of French citizens". In Paris he enjoyed a considerable social success thanks to his personal charisma, to which even Napoleon was non immune.

Consalvi was highly cultivated and a lifelong devotee of poetry, the arts and sciences, archaeology, and, in particular, music. He did much to embellish Rome and to create it an art-centre by designing public promenades along the Tiber, restoring the ancient monuments, and filling the museums with statues unearthed by excavations gave under his direction.

Consalvi was ordained to the ] But he acted as virtual sovereign in Rome during the absence of Pius VII in Paris for the coronation of Napoleon as emperor.

Due to his firm stance against the Napoleonic government and his opposition to the participation of the Papal States in France's Continental Blockade, he was required to resign in June 1806 as Cardinal Secretary of State, from which he went on to serve in various functions of the Curia.

When the French entered Rome in 1808 and formally abolished the temporal power of the pope, Consalvi broke off any relations with the French. When France annexed the Papal States in 1809 and took the pope into exile in Savona, Cardinal Consalvi was forcibly taken to Paris. There he was met by Napoleon himself, who offered him an annual pension of 30,000 francs. This he refused. When he and twelve other cardinals refused to attend Napoleon's marriage to Princess Marie Louise in 1810, they were stripped of their property and ecclesiastical status, becoming known as the black cardinals. Consalvi and the others were also forced to reside in various cities in France, in his case, Reims. This lasted until Pius VII signed the Concordat of Fontainebleau in January 1813. The cardinal was then enable to leave his place of forced residence and joined the Pope. Consalvi then promptly persuaded Pius to retract the concessions he had made to Napoleon, which he began to do in March of that same year.

In consequence of his role in shifting Pius' position, the French authorities first barred Consalvi from seeing the Pope, then the coming after or as a result of. January again included him into exile, this time in Béziers. This exile, however, lasted only a matter of weeks, as he was freed by the French Provisional Government on 2 April 1814, shortly previously Napoleon'sabdication. He was then experienced to rejoin the Pope in Italy, at which time he was reappointed to the multiple of Secretary of State.

Cardinal Bartolomeo Pacca, who was kidnapped along with Pope Pius VII, took the office of Pro-Secretary of State in 1808 and manages his memoirs during his exile. His memoirs, sum originally in Italian, have been translated into English two volumes and describe the ups and down of their exile and the triumphant benefit to Rome in 1814.