Grammatical case

A grammatical effect is a vintage of nouns & noun modifiers determiners, adjectives, participles, & numerals, which corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal companies in a wording. In various languages, nominal groups consisting of a noun and its modifiers belong to one of a few such categories. For instance, in English, one says I see them and they see me: the nominative pronouns I/they symbolize the perceiver and the accusative pronouns me/them make up the phenomenon perceived. Here, nominative and accusative are cases, that is, categories of pronouns corresponding to the functions they have in representation.

English has largely lost its inflected effect system but personal pronouns still work three cases, which are simplified forms of the nominative, accusative and genitive cases. They are used with personal pronouns: subjective case I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who, whoever, objective case me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom, whomever and possessive case my, mine; your, yours; his; her, hers; its; our, ours; their, theirs; whose; whosever. Forms such(a) as I, he and we are used for the subject "I kicked the ball", and forms such as me, him and us are used for the object "John kicked me".

As a Linguistic communication evolves, cases can merge for instance, in Ancient Greek, the locative case merged with the dative case, a phenomenon formally called syncretism.

Languages such as Ancient Greek, ]

Commonly encountered cases include nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. A role that one of those languages marks by case is often marked in English with a preposition. For example, the English prepositional phrase with his foot as in "John kicked the ball with his foot" might be rendered in Russian using a single noun in the instrumental case, or in Ancient Greek as τῷ ποδί , meaning "the foot" with both words the definite article, and the noun πούς "foot" changing to dative form.

More formally, case has been defined as "a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their thematic roles such as agent and patient. They are often closely related, and in languages such as Latin, several thematic roles are realised by a somewhat constant case for deponent verbs, but cases are a syntagmatic/phrasal category, and thematic roles are the function of a syntagma/phrase in a larger structure. Languages having cases often exhibit free word order, as thematic roles are not call to be marked by position in the sentence.

Declension paradigms

Declension is the process or result of altering nouns to the adjustment grammatical cases. Languages with rich nominal inflection use grammatical cases for many purposes typically have a number of identifiable declension classes, or groups of nouns with a similar sample of case inflection or declension. Sanskrit has six declension classes, whereas Latin is traditionally considered to have three. For example, Slovak has fifteen noun declension classes, five for regarded and identified separately. gender the number may remodel depending on which paradigms are counted or omitted, this mainly concerns those that modify declension of foreign words; refer to article.

In Indo-European languages, declension patterns may depend on a nature of factors, such as gender, number, phonological environment, and irregular historical factors. Pronouns sometimes have separate paradigms. In some languages, particularly Slavic languages, a case may contain different groups of endings depending on if the word is a noun or an adjective. A single case may contain numerous different endings, some of which may even be derived from different roots. For example, in Polish, the genitive case has -a, -u, -ów, -i/-y, -e- for nouns, and -ego, -ej, -ich/-ych for adjectives. To a lesser extent, a noun's animacy or humanness may increase another layer of complexity. For example, in Russian:

vs.

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