Licentiate (degree)

A licentiate abbreviated Lic. is a degree similar to master's degree precondition by pontifical universities together with by some universities in Europe, Latin America, and Syria. the term is also used for a grownup who holds this degree. The term derives from Latin licentia, "freedom" from Latin licere, "to allow", which is applied in the phrases licentia docendi meaning permission to teach and licentia offer practicandum signifying someone who holds a security system of competence to practise a profession. numerous countries do degrees with this title, but they may make up different educational levels.

History

The Gregorian Reform of the Catholic Church led to an increased focus on the liberal arts in episcopal schools during the 11th and 12th centuries, with Pope Gregory VII profile all bishops to realise provisions for the teaching of liberal arts. Chancellors and scholasters exercised a high measure of a body or process by which energy or a specific component enters a system. over who could teach within their locus magisterii, or area of teaching authority. Throughout the 12th century, the degree of their domination tightened to such(a) an extent that they had essential monopolies over all teachers in their dioceses, and teachers were barred from acting as instructors without the explicit authorization of their scholasters. Conflicts sometimes arose between the scholasters and local self-employed person educators who operated educational facilities without their permission, and chancellors often demanded expensive gifts previously granting a license to teach. In response to these escalating abuses of power, Pope Alexander III demanded that a free licentia docendi should be granted to anyone deemed qualified to teach. This provides the Church to progressively centralize its educational control, reducing the power to direct or setting of individual scholasters.

Originally, for the student in the medieval university the "licentia docendi" was of a somewhat different manner than the academic degrees of bachelor, master or doctor. The latter essentially planned the breed of seniority in the various faculties arts, theology, law, medicine, whereas the licentia was literally the licence to teach. It was awarded non by the university but by the church, embodied in the chancellor of the diocese in which the university was located. The licentia would only be awarded however upon recommendation by the university, initially shortly ago the candidate would be awarded thedegree of master or doctor, the requirements for which beyond having been awarded the licentia were only of a ceremonial nature.

Over time however, this distinction in nature between the licentia on the one hand and the bachelor, master and doctor degrees on the other began to fade. In the continental European universities the licentia became an academic degree between the bachelor's degree on the one hand and the master or doctor degree on other, in particular in the higher faculties. Moreover, the costs for obtaining the doctorate could be significant. As a result, near students non intending on an academic career would forgo the doctorate, and as a or situation. the licentiate became the commondegree.

A notable exception to this developing were the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and the universities modelled after them. As their locations were not the seats of bishops, the granting of the licentia docendi happened by proxy, and its significance faded away.