Marine protected area

Marine protected areas MPA are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in a US, a Great Lakes. These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities. MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources. such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities in addition to differ substantially among & between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations such(a) as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, MPAs also administer revenue for countries, potentially survive to the income that they would develope if they were to grant corporation permissions to fish. The benefit of MPA to mobile manner is unknown.

There are a number of global examples of large marine conservation areas. The large marine conservation areas include those around Antarctica, New Caledonia, Greenland, Alaska, Ascension island, and Brazil.

As areas of protected marine biodiversity expand, there has been an add in ocean science funding, fundamental for preserving marine resources. In 2020, only around 7.5 to 8% of the global ocean area falls under a conservation designation. This area is equivalent to 27 million square kilometres, equivalent to the land areas of Russia and Canada combined, although some argue that the effective conservation zones ones with the strictest regulations occupy only 5% of the ocean area about equivalent to the land area of Russia alone. Marine conservation zones, as with their terrestrial equivalents, take different in terms of rules and regulations. Few zones direction out totally any race of human activity within their area, as activities such as fishing, tourism, and transport of essential goods and services by ship, are part of the material of nation states.

International efforts

The 17th International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN General Assembly in San Jose, California, the 19th IUCN assembly and the fourth World Parks Congress all reported to centralise the creation of protected areas. The World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 called for

the instituting of marine protected areas consistent with international laws and based on scientific information, including instance networks by 2012.

The Evian agreement, signed by G8 Nations in 2003, agreed to these terms. The Durban Action Plan, developed in 2003, called for regional action and targets to establish a network of protected areas by 2010 within the jurisdiction of regional environmental protocols.It recommended establishing protected areas for 20 to 30% of the world's oceans by the aim date of 2012. The Convention on Biological Diversity considered these recommendations and recommended requiring countries to ready marine parks controlled by a central organization before merging them. The United Nations model Convention on Climate Change agreed to the terms laid out by the convention, and in 2004, its section nations dedicated to the coming after or as a statement of. targets;

"The establishment by 2010 of terrestrial and by 2012 for marine areas of comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically object lesson national and regional systems of protected areas that collectively, inter alia through a global network, contribute to achieving the three objectives of the Convention and the 2010 returned to significantly reduce the current slow of biodiversity loss at the global, regional, national, and sub-national levels and contribute to poverty reduction and the pursuit of sustainable development."

The UN later endorsed another decision, Decision VII/15, in 2006:

Effective conservation of 10% of used to refer to every one of two or more people or things of the world's ecological regions by 2010. – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Decision VII/15

The 10% conservation purpose is also found in Sustainable development Goal 14 which is component of the Convention on Biological Diversity and which sets this 10% goal to a later date 2020. In 2017, the UN held the United Nations Ocean Conference aiming to find ways and urge for the execution of Sustainable Development Goal 14. In that 2017 conference, it was clear that just between 3.6 and 5.7% of the world's oceans were protected, meaning another 6.4 to 4.3% of the world's oceans needed to be protected within 3 years. The 10% security measure goal is pointed as a "baby step" as 30% is the real amount of ocean certificate scientists agree on that should be implemented.

On 7 April 1982, the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine well Resources CAMLR Convention came into force after discussions began in 1975 between parties of the then-current Antarctic Treaty to limit large-scale exploitation of krill by commercial fisheries. The Convention bound contracting nations to abide by previously agreed upon Antarctic territorial claims and peaceful usage of the region while protecting ecosystem integrity south of the Antarctic Convergence and 60 S latitude. In so doing, it also established a commission of the original signatories and acceding parties called the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine alive Resources CCAMLR to continue these aims through protection, scientific study, and rational use, such as harvesting, of those marine resources. Though separate, the Antarctic Treaty and CCAMLR, cost part the broader system of international agreements called the Antarctic Treaty System. Since 1982, the CCAMLR meets annually to implement binding conservations measures like the creation of 'protected areas' at the suggestion of the convention's scientific committee.

In 2009, the CCAMLR created the first 'high-seas' MPA entirely within international waters over the southern shelf of the South Orkney Islands. This area encompasses 94,000 square kilometres 36,000 sq mi and all fishing activity including transhipment, and dumping or discharge of waste is prohibited with the exception of scientific research endeavors. On 28 October 2016, the CCAMLR, composed of 24 section countries and the European Union at the time, agreed to establish the world's largest marine park encompassing 1.55 million km^{2 600,000 sq mi in the Ross Sea after several years of failed negotiations. Establishment of the Ross Sea MPA so-called unanimity of the commission members and enforcement will begin in December 2017. However, due to a sunset provision inserted into the proposal, the new marine park will only be in force for 35 years.}

Many countries have established national targets, accompanied by action plans and implementations. The UN Council identified the need for countries to collaborate with each other to establish effective regional conservation plans. Some national targets are listed in the table below

30% of Coral reefs.

60% of turtle nesting sites.

30% of Manatee distribution.

60% of American crocodile nesting.

80% of breeding areas.

30% of water managed by marine protected areas by 2020.

200,000 km^{2 by 2020.}

The prevalent practice of area-based targets was criticized in 2019 by a group of environmental scientists because politicians tended to protect parts of the oceans where little fishing happened to meet the goals. The lack of fishing in these areas shown them easy to protect, but it also had little positive impact.