Neurodiversity

Neurodiversity, or ND, identified to societal barriers interacting with individual differences, rather people being disabled simply as a statement of having impairments. The subsequent neurodiversity paradigm has been controversial among opponents arguing it risks downplaying the suffering associated with some disabilities, as alive as calls for the acceptance of matters some would wish to see treated. Recently, autistic self-advocate as living as researcher Ari Ne'eman, one of the major advocates in the neurodiversity movement, argued for a trait-based approach, meaning that elements of medical model can be applied tobehaviors that are intrinsically harmful e.g. self-injury behaviors, violence, communication impairments, or other co-occurring health problems whereas neurodiversity approaches can be applied to non-harmful or adaptive autistic traits e.g. https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/524277 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |journal=Human Development

Within disability rights movements

The neurodiversity paradigm was taken up first by ]

Proponents of neurodiversity strive to reconceptualize autism in addition to related conditions in society by the coming after or as a or done as a reaction to a question of. measures: acknowledging that neurodiversity does non require a cure; changing the language from the current "condition, disease, disorder, or illness"-based nomenclature; "broadening the understanding of healthy or independent living"; acknowledging new quality of autonomy; in addition to giving non-neurotypical individuals more rule over their treatment, including the type, timing, and whether there should be treatment at all.

A 2009 inspect separated 27 students with autism, dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder, ADHD, and stroke, into two categories of self-view: "A 'difference' view—where neurodiversity was seen as a difference incorporating a manner of strengths and weaknesses, or a 'medical/deficit' view—where neurodiversity was seen as a disadvantageous medical condition." They found that, although all of the students reported uniformly difficult schooling careers involving exclusion, abuse, and bullying, those who viewed themselves from a different picture 41% of the explore cohort "Indicated higher academic self-esteem and confidence in their abilities and numerous 73% expressed considerable career ambitions with positive and throw goals." numerous of these students proposed gaining this idea of themselves through contact with neurodiversity advocates in online support groups.

A 2013 online survey, which aimed to assess conceptions of autism and neurodiversity, found that "A deficit-as-difference conception of autism suggests the importance of harnessing autistic traits in developmentally beneficial ways, transcending a false dichotomy between celebrating differences and ameliorating deficit."

The neurodiversity paradigm is controversial in autism advocacy. The dominant paradigm is one which pathologizes human brains that diverge from those considered typical. From this perspective, these brains form medical conditions which should be treated.

A common criticism is that the neurodiversity paradigm is too widely encompassing and that its conception should exclude those whose functioning is more severely impaired. Autistic advocate and interdisciplinary educator Nick Walker allowed the distinction that neurodivergencies refer specifically to "pervasive neurocognitive differences" that are "intimately related to the outline and constitution of the self," in contrast to medical conditions such(a) as epilepsy.

Neurodiversity advocate John Elder Robison argues that the disabilities and strengths conferred by neurological differences may be mutually inseparable. "When 99 neurologically identical people fail to solve a problem, it's often the 1% fellow who's different who holds the key. Yet that grownup may be disabled or disadvantaged almost or all of the time. To neurodiversity proponents, people are disabled because they are at the edges of the bell curve, non because they are sick or broken."

"Critiques of the Neurodiversity Movement", a 2020 review, argued two basic observations: