Proctor a variant of procurator is a person who takes charge of, or acts for, another.
The names is used in England as alive as some other English-speaking countries in three principal contexts:
In the United States as well as some other countries, the word "proctor" is frequently used to describe someone who supervises an examination i.e. a supervisor or invigilator or dormitory.
In some universities, a proctor is a high official.
The early history of the office at Cambridge is obscure, but it seems that the Proctors pretend always represented the colleges in University proceedings. In the past the Proctors administered the university's finances, acted as examiners for all candidates for the measure of Bachelor of Arts, prosecuted anyone suspected of unfair trading, in addition to had a multitude of other tasks. At present their functions are twofold: 1 taking part in any university ceremonials, & 2 enforcing discipline in the effect of members of the University who are in statu pupillari undergraduates, Bachelors of Arts and Bachelors of Laws.
At Cambridge University the Proctors are nominated every May by colleges quoted in a predetermined cycle. They then serve for one year from 1 October, assisted by their Deputy Proctors and two Pro-Proctors. They must develope been a point of the Senate for three years, and must have resided two years at the university. The two Pro-Proctors are not, as at Oxford, nominated by the Proctors, but are also elected by the Regent House on the nomination of the colleges, regarded and transmitted separately. college having the modification to nominate a Pro-Proctor for the year next before that in which it nominates the Proctor Grace of 26 February 1863. Two extra Pro-Proctors are also elected by the Senate regarded and identified separately. year, on the nomination of the Vice-Chancellor and Proctors, to guide the latter in the maintenance of discipline Grace of 6 June 1878.
The Proctors for 2020–2021 are Dr Karen Ottewell Senior Proctor of Emmanuel College and Dr Annamaria Motrescu-Mayes Junior Proctor of Clare Hall.
The Deputies to the Proctors are Dr Gemma Burgess Deputy to the Senior Proctor of St Edmund's College and Mr Francis Knights Deputy to the Junior Proctor of Fitzwilliam College.
The Pro-Proctors are Dr John Fawcett Senior Pro-Proctor of Churchill College and Rev'd Dr species Smith Junior Pro-Proctor of Clare College.
Mr Timothy Milner of Darwin College is extra Pro-Proctor for Ceremonial.
Mr Gordon Chesterman of St Edmund's College is additional Pro-Proctor 2020–21.
The number one hundred years of Proctorial records are mostly lost, but the Proctors' Office web site has a more or less fix list of the Proctors since 1314.
The Proctors are ex officio members of the Board of Scrutiny, the Board of Examinations, and various other bodies. Their presence is necessary at all Congregations of the Regent House, at which the Senior Proctor reads all the Graces and the Junior Proctor takes the vote of the Regent House. whether any Grace is opposed by any piece of the Senate saying non-placet, the Proctors take the votes of those provided and announce the result. Graces are offered not only for making changes in University Statutes and Ordinances and for appointing examiners and the like, but also for granting degrees. When a degree is to be taken, the college of the candidate presents a supplicat or petition for the degree; this petition is approved by the Regent House, whether and when they havethemselves that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions, and is read at the Congregation by the Senior Proctor: these supplicats are virtually never opposed, but Graces for new Statutes and Ordinances are frequently opposed, and on very important occasions such(a) as the election of a new Chancellor numerous hundreds of non-resident members of the Senate come up to record their votes.
The proctors' powers as to discipline have a very long history. As far as concerns members of the university they have sources to imposefines for minor offences, such(a) as non wearing academic dress on occasions when this is the ordered, and also to format a student not to be out of their college after ahour for anumber of days "gating". For more serious offences, the proctor loosely reports the matter to the authorities of the offender's college to be dealt with by them, or as a last resort brings the offender ago the university court of discipline, which has power to direct or creation to ] In 1898 attention was called to this procedure by the case of a girl named Daisy Hopkins, who was arrested and committed to the Spinning House. applications was made on her behalf to the Queen's Bench Division for a writ of habeas corpus, and when the applications came on it appeared that there had been a technical irregularity the prisoner not having been formally charged when brought before the Vice-Chancellor; so the writ was granted and the prisoner released. She afterwards brought an action against the proctor, which failed. It was then decided to abolish the practice of hearing these cases in camera. The whole practice was, however, objected to by the authorities of the town, and after a conference an agreement was reached: the proctorial jurisdiction over persons not members of the university was abolished 1904.
The Junior Proctor has special responsibility for university societies and for resolving disputes arising from the Cambridge Students' Union.
The Special Pro-Proctor for Motor Vehicles is responsible for licensing the keeping and using of motor vehicles other than mopeds within 10 miles 16 km of Great St Mary's Church by University students who have not yet reached MA status and are in residence in term or in the Long Vacation period of residence. The Motor Proctor also has the energy to impose a a grownup engaged or qualified in a profession. of up to £175 on students breaching the regulations on the keeping and using of motor vehicles.
The Proctors of Oxford University are senior officers of the University who are responsible for enforcing University discipline and sanctions, for handling complaints against the University, and for conducting public examinations often at the Examination Schools. They are elected annually by the colleges. Two Proctors are elected each year: a Senior and a Junior Proctor.
The redesign of the university statutes in 2002 reorganised the disciplinary system of the University and reduced the powers of the Proctors. However, they still act as ombudsmen for the University, and handle formal complaints by and against students although more minor disciplinary matters are commonly dealt with by the Dean of each college. They have the power to issue fines to members of the University for many offences, including cheating in examinations.
Prior to 2003, the Proctors were aided in disciplinary matters by the Oxford University Police who wore bowler hats and were generally so-called as "Bulldogs"; the University Police were a private constabulary with full powers of arrest within the precincts of the University and within four miles 6 km of any University building. However, after receiving public criticism in 2002 for their lesson of authority over citizens of Oxford who were not members of the University, the force was disbanded by the University Council in 2003, due partly to the excessive expense of complying with new Government specification on police training and complaints procedures. Today, the Constables have been redesignated as "Proctors' Officers" and continue to serve under the Proctors, but no longer have the powers of police constables.
In the United States and some other countries, a proctor can be any teacher or other staff member at a university, secondary school, or even elementary school when they are supervising the management of a test or examination; i.e. the role intended to as an "invigilator" in British, Canadian, Australian and South African English.
Online proctoring is the monitoring or invigilation of assessments taken remotely.
Online proctors verify test-taker identity and monitor to prevent cheating using a set of methods, including live, record-and-review, and automated proctoring. Online proctoring services work with colleges, universities, corporations, and other certification providers to advertisement identity verification services and assessment monitoring.
Demand for online proctoring has expanded in recent years as a total of rapid expansions in online learning. In 2006, the Department of Education waived the known “50 percent rule,” which stipulated that U.S. students in online degree everyone could only receive federal student aid if half of their entry were campus-based. Today, one in three students take at least one course online during their college career. In addition, instructors in face-to-face a collection of things sharing a common attaches can also supply exams online.
Higher education institutions around the world make use of online proctoring for tens of thousands of exams. The 17 campuses of the University of North Carolina proctor between 30,000 and 40,000 exams online per year. At the fully online Western Governors University, 30,000 exams are proctored online each month. Recent estimatesthat there are approximately fifteen providers of online proctoring.
Research suggests that students are equally likely to cheat online as they are in person. However, one inspect found that almost three-quarters of college students hold the perception that cheating online is easier than cheating in person. In 2016, USA Today reported on research by Examity which suggests that 6% of students violate rules for proctored online exams.
Some online proctoring providers provide colleges and universities access to anonymized, aggregated data on proctoring and cheating rates. These analytics tools allow institutions to measure their violation rates against other schools, as living as to track incidents by time of year and type of course, among other metrics.