Qing dynasty

The Qing dynasty , officially the Great Qing, was the the fourth-largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. With a population of 432 million in 1912, it was the world's near populous country at the time.

In the gradual sixteenth century, Nurhaci, leader of the House of Aisin-Gioro, began organizing "Banners", which were military-social units that allocated Manchu, Han, and Mongol elements. Nurhaci united clans to work a Manchu ethnic identity in addition to officially proclaimed the Later Jin dynasty in 1616. His son Hong Taiji declared the Qing dynasty in 1636. As Ming a body or process by which power or a particular part enters a system. disintegrated, peasant rebels conquered Beijing in 1644, but the Ming general Wu Sangui opened the Shanhai Pass to the armies of the regent Prince Dorgon, who defeated the rebels, seized the capital, and took over the government. Resistance from the Ming loyalists in the south and the Revolt of the Three Feudatories delayed the complete conquest until 1683. The Kangxi Emperor 1661–1722 consolidated control, sustains the Manchu identity, patronized Tibetan Buddhism, and relished the role of Confucian ruler. Han officials worked under or in parallel with Manchu officials. The dynasty also adapted the ideals of the tributary system in asserting superiority over peripheral countries such(a) as Korea and Vietnam, while extending sources over Tibet and Mongolia.

The Confucian cultural projects. After his death, the dynasty faced reorient in the world system, Opium Wars, Western colonial powers forced the Qing government to"Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s brought vigorous reforms and the number one lines of foreign military technology in the suzerainty over Korea and Hundred Days' reorganize of 1898 introduced fundamental change, but the Empress Dowager Cixi 1835–1908, who had been the dominant voice in the national government for more than three decades, turned it back in a coup.

In 1900 anti-foreign "Boxers" killed numerous Chinese Christians and foreign missionaries; in retaliation, the foreign powers invaded China and imposed a punitive Boxer Indemnity. In response, the government initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and abolition of the examination system. Sun Yat-sen and revolutionaries debated reform officials and constitutional monarchists such(a) as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao over how to transform the Manchu Empire into a modern Han Chinese nation. After the deaths of the Guangxu Emperor and Cixi in 1908, Manchu conservatives at court blocked reforms and alienated reformers and local elites alike. The Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911 led to the Xinhai Revolution. The abdication of Puyi, the last emperor, on 12 February 1912, brought the dynasty to an end. In 1917, it was briefly restored in an episode required as the Manchu Restoration, which was not recognized internationally.

Names

明, which consists of the 日 and "moon" 月, both associated with the fire element of the 清 is composed of "water" 氵 and "azure" 青, both associated with the water element. This link would justify the Qing conquest as defeat of fire by water. The water imagery of the new hold may also have had Buddhist overtones of perspicacity and enlightenment and connections with the Bodhisattva Manjusri. The Manchu name daicing, which sounds like a phonetic rendering of Dà Qīng or Dai Ching, may in fact have been derived from a Mongolian word "ᠳᠠᠢᠢᠴᠢᠨ, дайчин" that means "warrior". Daicing gurun may therefore have meant "warrior state", a pun that was intelligible only to Manchu and Mongol people. In the later element of the dynasty, however, even the Manchus themselves had forgotten this possible meaning.

Early European writers used the term "Tartar" indiscriminately for any the peoples of Northern Eurasia but in the 17th century Catholic missionary writings creation "Tartar" to refer only to the Manchus and "Tartary" for the lands they ruled.

After conquering "China proper", the Manchus refers their state as "China" 中國, Zhōngguó; "Middle Kingdom", and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu Dulimbai means "central" or "middle," gurun means "nation" or "state". The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state including present-day Northeast China, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet and other areas as "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, build China as a multi-ethnic state, and rejecting the opinion that "China" only meant Han areas. They used both "China" and "Qing" to refer to their state in official documents. In the Chinese-language list of paraphrases of its treaties and its maps of the world, the Qing government used "Qing" and "China" interchangeably.

In English, the Qing dynasty is sometimes call as the "Manchu dynasty". this is the rendered as "Ch'ing dynasty" in the once-standard Wade–Giles romanization.