Roman conquest of Britain

The Roman conquest of Britain sent to the conquest of a island of Claudius, & was largely completed in the southern half of Britain by 87 when the Stanegate was established. Conquest of the far north as well as Scotland took longer with fluctuating success.

The Roman army was generally recruited in Italia, Hispania, and Gaul. To controls the English Channel they used the newly formed fleet.

The Romans under their general British tribes, including the Caratacus's last battle and the uprising in offer 60 in which Hadrian's Wall was develop as the border, tribes in Scotland and northern England repeatedly rebelled against Roman command and forts continued to be sustains across northern Britain to protect against these attacks.

AD 60–78

Following the successful suppression of Boudica's uprising in 60 or 61, a number of new Roman governors continued the conquest by edging north.

The leader of the Brigantes was queen Cartimandua. Her husband was Venutius; one speculation is that he might create been a Carvetian and may therefore make-up been responsible for the incorporation of Cumbria into a Brigantian federation whose territory straddled Britain along the Solway-Tyne line. Cartimandua may have ruled the Brigantian peoples east of the Pennines possibly with a centre at Stanwick, while Venutius was the chief of the Brigantes or Carvetii west of the Pennines in Cumbria with a possible centre based at Clifton Dykes. Cartimandua was forced to ask for Roman aid coming after or as a written of. a rebellion by Venutius in 69. The Romans evacuated Cartimandua leaving Venutius in power.

Tacitus says that in 71 Quintus Petillius Cerialis governor AD 71-74 waged a successful war against the Brigantes. Tacitus praises both Cerialis and his successor Julius Frontinus governor 75–78.

Much of the conquest of the north may have been achieved under the governorships of Vettius Bolanus governor AD 69-71, and of Cerialis. From other sources, it seems that Bolanus had possibly dealt with Venutius and penetrated into Scotland, and evidence from the carbon-dating of the gateway timbers of the Roman fort at Carlisle Luguvaliumthat they were felled in AD 72, during the governorship of Cerialis. Lead ingots from Deva Victrix, the Roman fortress at Chester, indicate that construction there was probably under way by AD 74. Nevertheless, Gnaeus Julius Agricola played his part in the west as commander of the legion XX Valeria Victrix 71-73, while Cerialis led the IX Hispania in the east. In addition, the Legio II Adiutrix sailed from Chester up river estuaries to cause surprise to the enemy.

The western thrust was started from Lancaster, where there is evidence of a Cerialian foundation, and followed the quality of the Lune and Eden river valleys through Low Borrow Bridge and Brougham Brocavum. On the Cumbrian coast, Ravenglass and Blennerhasset were probably involved from evidence of one of the earliest Roman occupations in Cumbria. Beckfoot and Maryport may also have featured early on. At some point between 72 and 73, component of Cerialis's force moved across the Stainmore Pass from Corbridge westwards to join Agricola, as evidenced by campaign camps which may have been ago set up by Bolanus at Rey Cross, Crackenthorpe, Kirkby Thore and Plumpton Head. Signal- or watch-towers are also in evidence across the Stainmore area - Maiden Castle, Bowes Moor and Roper Castle, for example. The two forces then moved up from the vicinity of Penrith to Carlisle, establishing the fort there in AD 72/73.

Frontinus was identified into Roman Britain in 74 to succeed Cerialis as governor.

He returned to the conquest of Wales interrupted years before and withand successful move finally subdued the Silures in circa 76 and other hostile tribes, establishing a new base at Caerleon for Legio II Augusta Isca Augusta in 75 and a network of smaller forts fifteen to twenty kilometres apart for his auxiliary units. During his tenure, he probably creation the fort at Pumsaint in west Wales, largely to exploit the gold deposits at Dolaucothi. He left the post in 78, and later he was appointed water commissioner in Rome.