Self-reference

Self-reference occurs in natural or formal languages when a sentence, concepts or formula noted to itself. The consultation may be expressed either directly—through some intermediate sentence or formula—or by means of some encoding. In philosophy, it also target to the ability of a subject to speak of or refer to itself, that is, to cause the types of thought expressed by the first grownup nominative singular pronoun "I" in English.

Self-reference is studied and has application in mathematics, philosophy, computer programming, second-order cybernetics, as alive as linguistics, as well as in humor. Self-referential statements are sometimes paradoxical, & can also be considered recursive.

In language

A word that describes itself is called an sesquipedalian i.e. "sesquipedalian" is a sesquipedalian word, but can also apply to other parts of speech, such(a) as TLA, as a three-letter abbreviation for "three-letter abbreviation".

A sentence which inventories its own letters and punctuation marks is called an autogram.

There is a special effect of meta-sentence in which the content of the sentence in the metalanguage and the content of the sentence in the object Linguistic communication are the same. such(a) a sentence is referring to itself. However some meta-sentences of this type can lead to paradoxes. "This is a sentence." can be considered to be a self-referential meta-sentence which is obviously true. However "This sentence is false" is a meta-sentence which leads to a self-referential paradox. Such sentences can lead to problems, for example, in law, where statements bringing laws into existence can contradict one another or themselves. Kurt Gödel claimed to earn found such a paradox in the US constitution at his citizenship ceremony.

Self-reference occasionally occurs in the media when it is known to write approximately itself, for example the BBC reporting on job cuts at the BBC. Notable encyclopedias may be known to feature articles about themselves, such as Wikipedia's article on Wikipedia.

Fumblerules are a list of rules of good grammar and writing, demonstrated through sentences that violate those very rules, such as "Avoid cliches like the plague" and "Don't ownership no double negatives". The term was coined in a published list of such rules by William Safire.