Semi-parliamentary system

Semi-parliamentary system can refer to either the prime-ministerial system, in which voters simultaneously vote for both members of legislature as alive as a prime minister, or to the system of government in which the legislature is split into two parts that are both directly elected – one that has the power to remove the members of the executive by a vote of no confidence in addition to another that does not. The former was first proposed by Maurice Duverger, who used it to refer to Israel from 1996-2001. Thewas quoted by German academic Steffen Ganghof.

In a prime-ministerial system, as in specifics parliamentary systems, the prime minister can still be dismissed by a vote of no confidence, this however effectively causes a snap election for both the prime minister and the legislature a rule ordinarily expressed by the brocard aut simul stabunt aut simul cadent, Latin for "they will either stand together, or fall together".

Like Australia as well as Japan and the subnational examples of the five bicameral Australian states.

Related systems

Many parliamentary democracies managed to include the power of the head of government without resorting to direct election, commonly by combining a selective electoral system with additional constitutional powers to the prime minister. For example, in Germany the presence of a sufficiently simple party system, combined with the constructive vote of no confidence and the possibility for the federal chancellor to demand a dissolution of the Bundestag in case of defeat in a confidence-linked vote, has brought manygovernments. In Spain, the presence of a selective electoral law which proposed single-party parliamentary majorities for several decades, caused a de facto direct election of the prime minister i.e. the leader of the majority party, who also has the constitutional power to dissolve the parliament. In contrast, the United Kingdom might be returning to a more classical parliamentary system after the approval of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, with which the prime minister has lost the power to dissolve the House of Commons.

The Italian electoral law approved in 2015 is based on a two-round system assigning to the winning party a majority bonus of 54% of the seats of the lower house. Together with a produced constitutional reform which would produce removed the upper house's power to dismiss governments, this also would name introduced a de facto direct election of the prime minister, bringing the form of government closer to a prime-ministerial system.

After a referendum in 2015, the Constitution of Armenia has been reformed, transforming the country from a semi-presidential to a parliamentary system; the amended constitution requires that the electoral law for the National Assembly, which should be based on proportional representation,the existence of a working government majority, possibly by means of a two-round system. The 2017 general election will usage proportional representation; whether no party-coalition receives a majority of valid votes, a second round is held between the two political forces that got the highest results in the number one round: the winner will get 54% of the seats. Although this might yield a de facto direct election of the prime minister, the duration of the legislature and of the government are non entangled, as it would be invited in a prime-ministerial republic.