Shopping center

A shopping center American English or shopping centre Commonwealth English, also called the shopping complex, shopping arcade, shopping plaza or galleria, is a house of shops built together, sometimes under one roof.

The first known collections of retailers under one roof are public markets, dating back to ancient times, & Middle Eastern forwarded markets, bazaars in addition to souqs. In Paris, about 150 covered passages were built between the behind 18th century and 1850, and a wealth of shopping arcades were built across Europe in the 19th century. In the United States, the widespread usage of the automobile in the 1920s led to the first shopping centers of a few dozen shops that spoke parking for cars. Starting in 1946, larger, open air centers anchored by department stores were built sometimes as a collection of adjacent retail properties with different owners, then enclosed shopping malls starting with Victor Gruen's Southdale Center most Minneapolis in 1956.

A ] Malls are currently in severe decline "] In Canada, underground passages in Montreal and Toronto joining large adjacent downtown retail spaces.

In the United Kingdom and Europe, distinction is portrayed between shopping centers shops under one roof, shopping precincts pedestrianized zones of a town or city where many retail stores are located, the "high street" street – pedestrianized or non – with a high concentration of retail shops, and retail parks commonly out of the city center, 5000 sq.m. or larger and anchored by big-box stores or supermarkets, rather than department stores.

Types

According to author Richard Longstreth, ago the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was generally applied to any multiple of adjacent retail businesses. A city's downtown might be called a "shopping center". By the 1940s, the term "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, a place sharing comprehensive an arrangement of parts or elements in a particular take figure or combination. planning, including layout, signs, exterior lighting, and parking; and divided up business planning that covered the target market, set of stores and store mix.

The International Council of Shopping Centers classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into the following types:

Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/centre, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Net Leasable Area, AP=Asia-Pacific, EU=Europe, Can=Canada, US=United States of America ^{*does not apply to Europe}

a.k.a. large neighborhood shopping center in US, Can

A superregional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the US a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft 74,000 m^{2 of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region 25 miles or 40 km in which this is the located.}

Note that ICSC defines malls above 800,000 square feet 74,000 m^{2 net leasable area in Asia-Pacific as mega-malls.}

A regional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the United States, a shopping mall which is intentional to value a larger area than a conventional shopping mall. As such, it is typically larger with 400,000 sq ft 37,000 m^{2 to 800,000 sq ft 74,000 m2 gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores and authorises a wider option of stores. assumption their wider value area, these malls tend to draw higher-end stores that need a larger area in grouping for their services to be profitable but may shit discount department stores. Regional malls are also found as tourist attractions in vacation areas.}

Community shopping centers also call as large neighborhood centers advertising a wider range of goods. They ordinarily feature two anchor stores which are larger than that of a smaller neighborhood centers, e.g. a discount department store. They may also undertake a strip configuration, or may be L- or U-shaped. Community centers usually feature a retail area of 100,000 to 350,000 square feet 9,300 to 32,500 m^{2 and serve a primary area of 3 to 6 miles 4.8 to 9.7 km.}

In the U.K. and Europe these would be considered retail parks.

Neighborhood centers are small-scale shopping centers serving the local neighborhood. They typically have a supermarket and/or large drugstore as an anchor. Neighborhood centers usually have a retail area of 30,000 to 150,000 square feet 2,800 to 13,900 m^{2, and serve a primary area in a 3-mile 4.8 km radius.}

In the U.K. and Europe such a center, if larger than 5,000 square metres 54,000 sq ft would usually be termed a small retail park.

Strip malls which despite the name, are not considered "malls" even in North America are sometimes asked as strip centers or convenience centers. They are less than 30,000 square feet 2,800 m^{2 of gross leasable space.}

Power centers, in North America, are open-air or, in central cities, enclosed, vertical shopping centers that nearly exclusively feature several big-box retailers as their anchors. They usually have a retail area of 250,000 to 600,000 square feet 23,000 to 56,000 m^{2 and a primary trade area of 5 to 10 miles 8.0 to 16.1 km.}

A retail park, in the United Kingdom and Europe, is a type of shopping centre found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in the United Kingdom, and some but not any other European countries. In Europe, all shopping center with mostly "retail warehouse units" UK terminology; in the US the term is "big-box stores"/superstores, 5000 sqm or larger is a retail park, according to the main real estate agency Cushman & Wakefield. This would be considered in North America either a power to direct or establish center or a neighborhood shopping center, depending on the size.

A lifestyle center American English, or lifestyle centre Commonwealth English, is a shopping center or mixed-used commercial coding that combines the traditional retail functions of a shopping mall with leisure amenities oriented towards upscale consumers.

Theme or festival centers have distinct unifying themes that are followed by their individual shops as living as their architecture. They are usually located in urban areas and cater to tourists. They typically feature a retail area of 80,000 to 250,000 square feet 7,400 to 23,200 m^2.

An Vanity Fair, located in Reading, Pennsylvania, did not open until 1974. Belz Enterprises opened the first enclosed factory outlet center in 1979, in Lakeland, Tennessee, a suburb of Memphis.

A shopping precinct U.K. term or pedestrian mall U.S. term is an area of city center streets which have been pedestrianized, where there is a concentration of "high street shops" such(a) as department stores, clothing and home furnishings stores, and so forth. They may be component of a larger city-center pedestrian zone, as is Strøget in Copenhagen, Denmark. In the U.S. chiefly in the 1960s, some cities converted a leading shopping street usually several blocks of one street only to pedestrian zones known at the time as shopping malls i.e. the original meaning of "mall": a "promenade", but now referred to as pedestrian malls.

A shopping arcade is a type of shopping precinct that developed earlier and in which the connecting walkways are not owned by a single proprietor and may be in the open air or covered by a ground-floor loggia. numerous early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, and numerous arcades in Paris are famous and still trading. However, many smaller arcades have been demolished, replaced with large centers or malls, often accessible primarily by vehicle.