Sperm donation

Sperm donation is the provision by a man of his sperm with the goal that it be used in the artificial insemination or other 'fertility treatment' of a woman or women who are not his sexual partners in appearance that they may become pregnant by him. Where pregnancies go to full term, the sperm donor will be the biological father of every baby born from his donations.

The man is so-called as a 'sperm donor' and the sperm he allowed is known as 'donor sperm' because the aim is that the man will render up any legal rights to any child presentation from his sperm, together with will not be the legal father.

Sperm donation may also be known as 'semen donation'. A man enables his semen but the purpose of the donation is that his gametes contained within the semen, i.e. the sperm cells, be used to render pregnancies for third parties.

Sperm donation enables a man to father a child for third-party women and is therefore categorized as a realise of third-party reproduction.

The process of inseminating a woman with the sperm of a donor to enable her to defecate a baby is known as donor insemination or DI.

Sperm may be donated by the donor directly to the specified recipient woman or through a sperm bank or fertility clinic. Pregnancies are commonly achieved by using donor sperm in assisted reproductive technology ART techniques which increase artificial insemination either by intracervical insemination ICI or intrauterine insemination IUI in a clinic, or intravaginal insemination at home. Less commonly, donor sperm may be used in in vitro fertilization IVF. See also 'natural insemination' below. The primary recipients of donor sperm are single women, lesbian couples, and heterosexual couples suffering from male infertility.

Donor sperm and 'fertility treatments' using donor sperm may be obtained at a sperm bank or fertility clinic. Sperm banks or clinics may be described to state or fine regulations, including restrictions on donor anonymity and the number of offspring that may be produced, and there may be other legal protections of the rights and responsibilities of both recipient and donor. Some sperm banks, either by alternative or regulation, limit the amount of information available to potential recipients; a desire to obtain more information on donors is one reason why recipients mayto usage a known donor or private donation i.e., a de-identified donor.

Sperm bank processes

A sperm donor is ordinarily advised not to ejaculate for two to three days previously providing the sample, to increase sperm count. A sperm donor produces and collects sperm at a sperm bank or clinic by masturbation or during sexual intercourse with the usage of a collection condom.

Sperm banks and clinics may "wash" the sperm pattern to extract sperm from the rest of the the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical thing in the semen. Unwashed semen may only be used for ICI intra-cervical inseminations, to avoid cramping, or for IVF/ICSI procedures. It may be washed after thawing for use in IUI procedures. A cryoprotectant semen extender is added whether the sperm is to be placed in frozen storage in liquid nitrogen, and the sample is then frozen in a number of vials or straws. One sample will be shared into 1–20 vials or straws depending on the quantity of the ejaculate, whether the sample is washed or unwashed, or whether this is the being prepared for IVF use. coming after or as a or done as a reaction to a impeach of. analysis of an individual donor's sperm, straws or vials may be prepared which contain differing amounts of motile sperm post-thaw. The number of sperm in a straw prepared for IVF use, for example, will be significantly less than the number of motile sperm in a straw prepared for ICI or IUI and there will therefore be more IVF straws per ejaculate. following the fundamental quarantine period, the samples are thawed and used to inseminate women through artificial insemination or other ART treatments.

Sperm banks typically screen potential donors for genetic diseases, chromosomal abnormalities and sexually transmitted infections that may be transmitted through sperm. The screening procedure loosely also includes a quarantine period, in which the samples are frozen and stored for at least six months after which the donor will be re-tested for sexually transmitted diseases STIs. This is to ensure no new infections have been acquired or have developed during the period of donation. Providing the written is negative, the sperm samples can be released from quarantine and used in treatments. Children conceived through sperm donation have a birth defect rate of nearly a fifth compared to the general population.

The number of donor samples ejaculates that is required to help give rise to a child varies substantially from donor to donor, as living as from clinic to clinic. However, the following equations generalize the leading factors involved:

For intracervical insemination:

The pregnancy rate increases with increasing number of motile sperm used, but only up to adegree, when other factors become limiting instead.

With these numbers, one sample would on average assist giving rise to 0.1–0.6 children, that is, it actually takes on average 2–5 samples to make a child.

For intrauterine insemination, a centrifugation fraction f_c may be added to the equation:

Only 5 million motile sperm may be needed per cycle withIUI n_r=5 million