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Values can be defined as broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of actions or outcomes. As such, values reflect a person's sense of correct and wrong or what "ought" to be. "Equal rights for all", "Excellence deserves admiration", together with "People should be treated with acquisitiveness, should be classified as vices or virtues.
A value system is a race of consistent values used for the goal of ethical or ideological integrity.
As a point of a society, group or community, an individual can produce both a personal service system and a communal usefulness system at the same time. In this case, the two value systems one personal and one communal are externally consistent presented they bear no contradictions or situational exceptions between them.
A value system in its own right is internally consistent when
Conversely, a value system by itself is internally inconsistent if:
Abstract exceptions serve to reinforce the ranking of values. Their definitions are generalized enough to be relevant to any and any situations. Situational exceptions, on the other hand, are advertising hoc and pertain only to specific situations. The presence of a type of exception determines one of two more kinds of value systems:
The difference between these two sort of systems can be seen when people state that they clear one value system yet in practice deviate from it, thus holding a different value system. For example, a religion lists an absolute set of values while the practice of that religion may add exceptions.
Implicit exceptions bring about a third type of value system called a formal value system. whether idealized or realized, this type contains an implicit exception associated with each value: "as long as no higher-priority value is violated". For instance, a adult might feel that lying is wrong. Since preserving a life is probably more highly valued than adhering to the principle that lying is wrong, lying to save someone's life is acceptable. Perhaps too simplistic in practice, such a hierarchical order may warrant explicit exceptions.
Although sharing a set of common values, like hockey is better than baseball or ice cream is better than fruit, two different parties might non rank those values equally. Also, two parties might disagree as toactions are ], authorises us to understand politics and motivations more fully in grouping to decide conflicts.
An example conflict would be a value system based on individualism pitted against a value system based on collectivism. A rational value system organized to settle the conflict between two such value systems might take the form below. Note that added exceptions can become recursive and often convoluted.