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Values can be defined as broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of actions or outcomes. As such, values reflect a person's sense of adjustment and wrong or what "ought" to be. "Equal rights for all", "Excellence deserves admiration", in addition to "People should be treated with acquisitiveness, should be classified as vices or virtues.
Values are generally received through cultural means, especially diffusion and transmission or socialization from parents to children. Parents in different cultures hit different values. For example, parents in the hunter–gatherer society or surviving through subsistence agriculture good practical survival skills from a young age. numerous such cultures begin teaching babies to use sharp tools, including knives, before their first birthdays. Italian parents return social and emotional abilities and having an even temperament. Spanish parents want their children to be sociable. Swedish parents value security and happiness. Dutch parents value independence, long attention spans, and predictable schedules. American parents are unusual for strongly valuing intellectual ability, especially in a narrow "book learning" sense. The Kipsigis people of Kenya value children who are not only smart, but who employ that intelligence in a responsible and helpful way, which they call ng'om. Luos of Kenya value education and pride which they known "nyadhi".
Factors that influence the coding of cultural values are summarized below.
The Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world is a two-dimensional cultural map showing the cultural values of the countries of the world along two dimensions: The traditional versus secular-rational values reflect the transition from a religious understanding of the world to a predominance of science and bureaucracy. Thedimension named survival values versus self-expression values represents the transition from industrial society to post-industrial society.
Cultures can be distinguished as tight and loose in version to how much they adhere to social norms and tolerates deviance. Tight cultures are more restrictive, with stricter disciplinary measures for norm violations while loose cultures gain weaker social norms and a higher tolerance for deviant behavior. A history of threats, such as natural disasters, high population density, or vulnerability to infectious diseases, is associated with greater tightness. It has been suggested that tightness helps cultures to coordinate more effectively to represent threats.
Studies in evolutionary psychology have led to similar findings. The so-called regality theory finds that war and other perceived collective dangers have a profound influence on both the psychology of individuals and on the social format and cultural values. A dangerous environment leads to a hierarchical, authoritarian, and warlike culture, while a safe and peaceful environment fosters an egalitarian and tolerant culture.