Volleyball is the team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by the net. used to refer to every one of two or more people or things team tries to construct points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a factor of the official code of the Summer Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964. Beach volleyball was presents to the programme at the Atlanta 1996. The adapted explanation of volleyball at the Summer Paralympic Games is sitting volleyball.
The complete generation of rules is extensive, but play essentially service as follows: a player on one of the teams begins a 'rally' by serving the ball tossing or releasing it in addition to then hitting it with a hand or arm, from behind the back boundary category of the court, over the net, as well as into the receiving team's court. The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court. The team may touch the ball up to three times to proceeds the ball to the other side of the court, but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively. Typically, the number one two touches are used to complete for an attack. An attack is an effort to direct the ball back over the net in such a way that the team receiving the ball is unable to pass the ball and come on the rally, thus, losing the point. The team that wins the rally is awarded a item and serves the ball to start the next rally. A few of the almost common faults include:
The ball is commonly played with the hands or arms, but players can legally strike or push short contact the ball with any factor of the body.
A number of consistent techniques name evolved in volleyball, including spiking and blocking because these plays are filed above the top of the net, the vertical jump is an athletic skill emphasized in the sport as living as passing, setting, and specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures.
Rules of the game
A volleyball court is 9 m × 18 m 29.5 ft × 59.1 ft, dual-lane into constitute square halves by a net with a width of one meter 39.4 in. The top of the net is 2.43 m 7 ft +11⁄16 in above the center of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 m 7 ft +3⁄16 in for women's competition, varied for veterans and junior competitions.
The minimum height clearance for indoor volleyball courts is 7 m 23.0 ft, although a clearance of 8 m 26.2 ft is recommended.
A line 3 m 9.8 ft from and parallel to the net is considered the "attack line". This "3 meter" or "10-foot" line divides the court into "back row" and "front row" areas also back court and front court. These are in turn shared into 3 areas each: these are numbered as follows, starting from area "1", which is the position of the serving player:
After a team gains the serve also known as siding out, its members must rotate in a clockwise direction, with the player before in area "2" moving to area "1" and so on, with the player from area "1" moving to area "6". used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters player rotates only once after the team gains possession of the service; the next time each player rotates will be after the other team wins possession of the ball and loses the point.
The team courts are surrounded by an area called the free zone which is a minimum of 3 meters wide and which the players may enter and play within after the service of the ball. All configuration denoting the boundaries of the team court and the attack zone are drawn or painted within the dimensions of the area and are therefore a part of the court or zone. whether a ball comes in contact with the line, the ball is considered to be "in". An antenna is placed on each side of the net perpendicular to the sideline and is a vertical member of reference of the side boundary of the court. A ball passing over the net must pass completely between the antennae or their theoretical extensions to the ceiling without contacting them.
FIVB regulations state that the ball must be spherical, made of leather or synthetic leather, have a circumference of 65–67 cm 26–26 in, a weight of 260–280 g 9.2–9.9 oz and an interior air pressure of 0.30–0.325 kg/cm2 4.26 to 4.61 psi294.3
to 318.82 mbar or hPa. Other governing bodies have similar regulations.
Each team consists of six players. To receive play started, a team is chosen to serve by coin toss. A player from the serving team throws the ball into the air and attempts to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such(a) that it will land in the opposing team's court the serve. The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three contacts with the volleyball to return the ball to the opponent's side of the net. These contacts normally consist number one of the bump or pass so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards the player designated as the setter;of the set usually an over-hand pass using wrists to push finger-tips at the ball by the setter so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards a spot where one of the players designated as an attacker can hit it, and third by the attacker who spikes jumping, raising one arm above the head and hitting the ball so it will progress quickly down to the ground on the opponent's court to return the ball over the net. The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball as refers is said to be on offence.
The team on defence attempts to prevent the attacker from directing the ball into their court: players at the net jump andabove the top and if possible, across the plane of the net to block the attacked ball. If the ball is hit around, above, or through the block, the defensive players arranged in the rest of the court attempt to domination the ball with a dig usually a fore-arm pass of a hard-driven ball. After a successful dig, the team transitions to offence.
The game maintain in this manner, rallying back and forth until the ball touches the court within the boundaries or until an error is made. The almost frequent errors that are made are either to fail to return the ball over the net within the provides three touches, or to cause the ball to land outside the court. A ball is "in" if all part of it touches the inside of a team's court or a sideline or end-line, and a strong spike may compress the ball enough when it lands that a ball which at first appears to be going out may actually be in. Players may travel well external the court to play a ball that has gone over a sideline or end-line in the air.
Other common errors include a player touching the ball twice in succession, a player "catching" the ball, a player touching the net while attempting to play the ball, or a player penetrating under the net into the opponent's court. There are a large number of other errors referenced in the rules, although most of them are infrequent occurrences. These errors add back-row or libero players spiking the ball or blocking back-row players may spike the ball if they jump from late the attack line, players non being in the adjustment position when the ball is served, attacking the serve in the frontcourt and above the height of the net, using another player as a quotation of support tothe ball, stepping over the back boundary line when serving, taking more than 8 seconds to serve, or playing the ball when it is above the opponent's court.
A point is scored when the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or when an error is made: when the ball strikes one team's side of the court, the other team gains a point; and when an error is made, the team that did not make the error is awarded a point, in either effect paying no regard to whether they served the ball or not. If any part of the ball hits the line, the ball is counted as in the court. The team that won the point serves for the next point. If the team that won the point served in the preceding point, the same player serves again. If the team that won the point did not serve the previous point, the players of the team acquiring the serve rotate their position on the court in a clockwise manner. The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points by a two-point margin awarded the set. Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set, if necessary, is usually played to 15 points. Scoring differs between leagues, tournaments, and levels; high schools sometimes play best-of-three to 25; in the 2008 season.
Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team had the serve side-out scoring and all sets went up to only 15 points. The FIVB changed the rules in 1999 with the refine being compulsory in 2000 to use the current scoring system formerly requested as rally point system, primarily to make the length of the match more predictable and to make the game more spectator- and television-friendly.
Theyear of side-out scoring at the NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Championship was 2000. Rally point scoring debuted in 2001, and games were played to 30 points through 2007. For the 2008 season, games were renamed "sets" and reduced to 25 points to win. Most high schools in the U.S. changed to rally scoring in 2003, and several states implemented it the previous year on an experimental basis.
The libero player was introduced internationally in 1998, and made its debut for NCAA competition in 2002. The libero is a player specialized in defensive skills: the libero must wear a contrasting jersey color from their teammates and cannot block or attack the ball when it is entirely above net height. When the ball is not in play, the libero can replace any back-row player, without prior notice to the officials. This replacement does not count against the substitution limit each team is permits per set, although the libero may be replaced only by the player whom he or she replaced. Most U.S. high schools added the libero position from 2003 to 2005.
The modern-day libero often takes on the role of asetter. When the setter digs the ball, the libero is typically responsible for the moment ball and sets to the front row attacker. The libero may function as a setter only underrestrictions. To make an overhand set, the libero must be standing behind and not stepping on the 3-meter line; otherwise, the ball cannot be attacked above the net in front of the 3-meter line. An underhand pass is allowed from any part of the court.
The libero is, generally, the most skilled defensive player on the team. There is also a libero tracking sheet, where the referees or officiating team must keep track of whom the libero subs in and out for. Under FIVB Federation Internationale de Volleyball rules, two liberos are designated at the beginning of the play, only one of whom can be on the court at any time.
Furthermore, a libero is not allowed to serve, according to international rules. NCAA rules for both men and women differ on this point; a 2004 a body or process by which energy or a particular component enters a system. conform allows the libero to serve, but only in a specific rotation. That is, the libero can only serve for one person, not for all of the people for whom he or she goes in. That rule change was also applied to high school and junior high play soon after.
Other rule reconstruct enacted in 2000 include allowing serves in which the ball touches the net, as long as it goes over the net into the opponents' court. Also, the service area was expanded to let players to serve from anywhere behind the end line but still within the theoretical extension of the sidelines. Other changes were made to lighten up calls on faults for carries and double-touches, such as allowing corporation contacts by a single player "double-hits" on a team's first contact provided that they are a part of a single play on the ball.
In 2008, the NCAA changed the minimum number of points needed to win any of the first four sets from 30 to 25 for women's volleyball men's volleyball remained at 30 for another three years, switching to 25 in 2011. If a fifth deciding set is reached, the minimum required score keeps at 15. In addition, the word "game" is now referred to as "set".
The Official Volleyball Rules are prepared and updated every few years by the FIVB's Rules of the Game and Refereeing Commission. The latest edition is usually available on the FIVB's website.