History
In 1392 Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae was later named after her.
Women and animals were often considered equally irrational and inferior in the past. When the British author Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792, British philosopher Thomas Taylor responded anonymously in the same year with A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes, in which he claimed that arguments for the oppression or liberation of women applied equally living to animals, intending it as a reductio advertising absurdum of Wollstonecraft's position.
Many of the major British animal advocacy groups founded in the slow 1800s and early 1900s, any regarded as radical in their time, were founded by women, including the Battersea Dogs' home Mary Tealby, 1860, the National Anti-Vivisection Society Frances energy to direct or introducing Cobbe, from Ireland, 1875; this is the the world’s number one anti-vivisection organization, the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection Frances Power Cobbe, from Ireland, 1898, and the British Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society Lizzy Lind af Hageby, from Sweden, and Nina Douglas-Hamilton, Duchess of Hamilton, 1903.
In 1867 the American philanthropist Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; she also founded its women's branch in 1869. The women's branch of the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, also call as the Women’s Humane Society and the Women’s Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals or WPSPCA, opened America’s first animal shelter in 1869. WPSPCA successfully passed the Twenty-eight Hour Law in 1871, a mandate that required railway group to dispense facilities to feed, water and rest animals in transit every 28 hours. Immediately WPSPCA remanded agents to assess the railways’ adherence and prosecute all offenders. In 1896 the Reading Railroad was charged with transporting a shipment of horses for 52 hours without food or water. The railroad was found guilty and the Reading officials were charged $200, setting an important precedent. White viewed the 28-hour law as the crowning achievement of her life. White also founded the American Anti-Vivisection Society the first anti-vivisection organization founded in the United States in 1883. In 1909 WPSCA, along with other city humanitarians, secured legislation forbidding the sale or purchase of disabled make horses.
In 1875, Catherine Smithies founded the first Band of Mercy, which promoted teaching children kindness towards non-human animals and led to the Bands of Mercy movement.
In 1877 Anna Sewell's Black Beauty, the first English novel to be total from the perspective of a non-human animal, spurred concern for the welfare of horses. Although the book is now considered a children's classic, Sewell originally wrote it for those who worked with horses. She said "a special goal was to induce kindness, sympathy, and an apprehension treatment of horses". In numerous respects the book can be read as a assistance to horse husbandry, stable supervision and humane training practices for colts. it is for considered to have had an effect on reducing cruelty to horses; for example, the usage of bearing reins, which are particularly painful for a horse, was one of the practices highlighted in the novel, and in the years after the book's release the reins became less popular and fell out of favor.
In 1878-1879, responding to the moderate positions taken by the German animal security measure organizations on animal experimentation, Marie Espérance von Schwartz and two men began to form a committed anti-vivisection movement in Germany. In 1879 the anti-vivisectionists clashed with moderate animal protectionists at the German Animal security system Congress, leading von Schwartz and one of the men to found the International Society for Combat Against Scientific Torture of Animals.
In 1880, the English feminist Anna Kingsford became one of the first English women to graduate in medicine, after studying for her degree in Paris, and the only student at the time to do so without having experimented on animals. She published The Perfect Way in Diet 1881, advocating vegetarianism, and was also vocal in her opposition to animal experiments.
In 1883 Caroline Earle White founded the American Anti-Vivisection Society, which was the first anti-vivisection organization founded in the United States.
In 1889 in England, the Plumage League was founded by Emily Williamson, at her house, as a demostrate multinational campaigning against the usage of great crested grebe and kittiwake skins and feathers in fur clothing. Also in 1889 the Fur, Fin and Feather Folk an animal rights group was founded in England by Eliza Phillips, Etta Lemon, Catherine Hall, Hannah Poland and others. The groups gained in popularity and amalgamated in 1891 to form the Society for the Protection of Birds in London. The Society gained its Royal Charter in 1904. The original members of the Society were all women who campaigned against the fashion of the time for women to wear exotic feathers in hats, and the consequent encouragement of "plume hunting".
In 1896 the Massachusetts Audubon Society Mass Audubon was founded by Harriet Hemenway and Minna B. Hall. Women played a critical role in the organization, counting for half of its officers and serving as leaders of almost of the local chapters. The group used its political power to have a Massachusetts law passed in 1897 outlawing trade in wild bird feathers as living as a federal law, the 1900 Lacey Act, which prohibits the interstate shipment of animals killed in violation of local laws. The Massachusetts Audubon Society supports independent, but it helped to organize the National joining of Audubon Societies incorporated in 1905, which later became the National Audubon Society.
British political scientist Robert Garner writes that 70 percent of the membership of the Victoria Street Society one of the anti-vivisection groups founded by Frances Power Cobbe; it was founded in 1875 were women, as were 70 percent of the membership of the British Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in 1900.
The British suffragist movement in the United Kingdom became closely linked with the anti-vivisection movement. Writing about the Brown Dog affair, she argues that the iconography of vivisection struck a chord with women. The vivisected dog muzzled and strapped to the operating board, she argues, was a symbolic reminder of the suffragette on hunger strike restrained and force-fed in Brixton Prison, as well as women strapped into the gynaecologist's chair by their male doctors, for childbirth, for sterilization, as a cure for "hysteria", and as objects of study by male medical students.
In 1927, Jessey Wade founded the Cats Protection League. In the same year, she co-founded the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports and in 1932, the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports.
The Vegan Society, a registered charity and the oldest vegan society in the world, was founded in the United Kingdom in November 1944 by Dorothy Watson and her husband Donald Watson, along with four friends — Elsie Shrigley, Fay K. Henderson and her husband G.A. Henderson among them. The founding of the Vegan Society is celebrated annually on 1 November, World Vegan Day. The day was established in 1994 by Louise Wallis, the then President and Chair. However, the founding of the Vegan Society is thought to have been either 5 or 12 November 1944.
The first vegan society in the United States was founded in 1948 by Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz in California, who distributed Donald Watson's newsletter.
The earliest documented practice of trap-neuter-return was in the 1950s, led by animal activist Ruth Plant in the U.K.
In 1951, the Animal Welfare Institute was founded by Christine Stevens.
On November 22, 1954, the Humane Society of the United States was founded by Marcia Glaser, Helen Jones, and two men.
Also in the United States, Velma Bronn Johnston initiated a massive letter-writing campaign by students to Senators and other Congress members, and on September 8, 1959, the campaign resulted in the federal legislature passing Public Law 86-234, which banned the poisoning of watering holes frequented by wild equids and the use of air and land vehicles in hunting and capturing free-roaming horses for sale and slaughter. This became known as the Wild Horse Annie Act. Johnston was also known as Wild Horse Annie. However, passage of the Wild Horse Annie Act did not alleviate the concerns of free-roaming horse advocates, who continued to lobby for federal rather than state a body or process by which energy or a specific component enters a system. over the disposition of free-roaming horses. Since almost horses in the desert regions were recently descended from ranchers' horses, ownership of the free-roaming herds was contentious, and ranchers continued to use airplanes tothem. Johnston continued her campaign, and in 1971, the 92nd United States Congress unanimously passed the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971. It was signed into law by then-President Richard Nixon on December 15, 1971. The act prohibited capture, injury, or disturbance of free-roaming horses and burros.
In 1962 the Animal Welfare Board of India was founded by Rukmini Devi Arundale.
In 1964 the British author Ruth Harrison published Animal Machines, an influential critique of factory farming, and on October 10, 1965, the British novelist Brigid Brophy had an article, "The Rights of Animals", published in The Sunday Times. Brophy wrote:
The relationship of homo sapiens to the other animals is one of unremitting exploitation. We employ their work; we eat and wear them. We exploit them to serve our superstitions: whereas we used to sacrifice them to our gods and tear out their entrails in positioning to foresee the future, we now sacrifice them to science, and experiment on their entrail in the hope—or on the mere offchance—that we might thereby see a little more clearly into the present ... To us it seems incredible that the Greek philosophers should have scanned so deeply into right and wrong and yet never noticed the immorality of slavery. Perhaps 3000 years from now it willequally incredible that we do not notice the immorality of our own oppression of animals.
British political scientist edited by Roslind and Stanley Godlovitch and John Harris.
In the mid-1960s, English former framework Celia Hammond gained publicity for her trap-neuter-return work "at a time when euthanasia of feral cats was considered the only option." Hammond "fought many battles with local authorities, hospitals, environmental health departments" but stated that she succeeded over the years in showing that command "could be achieved by neutering and not killing." In 1986 she founded the Celia Hammond Animal Trust with the purpose of opening a low-cost neutering clinic to control the feral animal population. The first of these clinics opened in Lewisham in 1995, and aopened in Canning Town in 1999. The Celia Hammond Animal Trust also runs a sanctuary in Brede, East Sussex, for animals which need new homes. In addition to neutering animals, the clinics and sanctuary also support to rescue and rehome animals, and now find homes for thousands of cats regarded and subject separately. year.
In 1973 Dr. Shirley McGreal founded the International Primate Protection League in Thailand.
In 1980 the English-born British/American animal rights activist Ingrid Newkirk co-founded People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.
Also in 1980 was the first Action for Life conference for animal rights, which was attended by a number of pioneers in the animal rights movement, including Ingrid Newkirk.
In 1981 Feminists for Animal Rights was founded in California; it became a nationwide organization in the coming after or as a calculation of. years and was active nationwide for over two decades, but is now defunct. In the same year, Priscilla Cohn published Etica aplicada "Applied Ethics", written with José Ferrater Mora, containing the first essay on animal rights published in Spain.
In 1984 Virginia McKenna OBE founded the Born Free Foundation together with her husband Bill Travers OBE and their son Will Travers OBE. The Born Free Foundation is a dynamic international wildlife charity. Born Free takes action worldwide to save lives, stop suffering and protect classification in the wild.
A breakaway group from the Vegan Society, the Movement for Compassionate Living, was founded in 1984 by the former Vegan Society Secretary Kathleen Jannaway and her husband Jack. The Movement for Compassionate Living promotes veganism and sustainable living.
In 1986, Lorri Houston co-founded Farm Sanctuary, America's first shelter for farm animals.
In 1990, the American author , which discusses the connections between feminism and vegetarianism and patriarchy and meat eating, historically and through the reading of literary texts. In the same year, during the March for Animals in Washington, D.C. – the largest animal rights demonstration held until then in the United States – most of the participants were women, but most of the platform speakers were men. Also that year, Karen Davis founded United Poultry Concerns a non-profit animal rights organization in the United States that addresses the treatment of poultry, including chickens, ducks and turkeys, in food production, science, education, entertainment, and human companionship situations.
In 1992 People for Animals PFA, also known as People for Animals India, India's largest animal welfare organization, was founded by Maneka Gandhi, who later became its chairperson.
In 1994 Louise Wallis, then President and Chair of the Vegan Society, founded World Vegan Day to commemorate the society's 50th anniversary. Vegans around the world now join together to celebrate animal rights every World Vegan Day, held annually on November 1. However, the actual founding of the Vegan Society is thought to have been either 5 or 12 November 1944.
In 1994 Viva! was founded in the United Kingdom by Juliet Gellately. The organisation carries out undercover investigations of factory farms, as well as producing campaigns and resources on veganism.
In 1998 Animals Asia was founded by Jill Robinson MBE; it works to end the bear bile trade in Asia. The charity has two bear sanctuaries in China and Vietnam and has rescued over 500 bears. It also workings to end the trade in cats and dogs as food in China and Vietnam, and campaigns for the end of abusive captive animal practices in safari parks and zoos in Asia.
In 2006 in the Netherlands, Marianne Thieme and Esther Ouwehand were elected to parliament representing the Party for Animals.
In 2008, Brigitte Gothière co-founded L214, a French animal rights organization which spreads awareness of animal suffering in slaughterhouses using graphic footage.
In 2015, We Animals and Keri Cronin Department of Visual Arts, The Unbound Project, a multimedia and book project that celebrates the women who have been at the forefront of animal advocacy around the globe.
Women have also presented prominently in actions carried out in the name of the Animal Liberation Front and the Hunt Saboteurs Association.