Women in human spaceflight programs
Human spaceflight began in the unhurried 1950s and early 1960s and early research on possible crewed missions to space studied the expected effects of space on humans, also considering women. The research showed that women might even be suited better for space missions due to a range of reasons.
In the competition between the Soviet Union USSR and the United States required as the Space Race both nations chose their number one space pilots asked as cosmonauts in the USSR and astronauts in the US for their everyone from the ranks of their military high-speed jet test pilots, who were exclusively men.
The first woman to soar to space became Valentina Tereshkova aboard Vostok 6 on June 16th 1963, completing a 70.8 hour flight creating a a thing that is said of 48 orbits before returning to Earth. The USSR did non send another woman until 1982, when Svetlana Savitskaya became thewoman to enter space. It was non until 1983 that the first American woman, Sally Ride, would enter space.
Following Ride's NASA Astronaut group 8 mission, a range of women have completed space flight. Despite this, women still live only approximately 10% of any people who have gone to space, being less chosen and enabled.
All the missions to the moon have subjected only male astronauts, and there has yet to be a female astronaut service from the Moon, a purpose that the US Artemis program is pursuing.
The USSR director of cosmonaut training Nikolai Kamanin started in 1961 to lobby for having women as cosmonauts after being inspired by repeated questions by the press about women as cosmonauts. Subsequently Kamanin crucially gained space script leader Sergey Korolev as a supporter, getting approval six months later for women cosmonauts. During a visit to the US in 1962 Kamanin got to know Jerrie Cobb of the then rejected "Mercury 13", her being consultant to the NASA space code since 1961 and testifying in July 1962 at Congress about the positive results of "Mercury 13" and on gender discrimination. At one module Kamanin noted in his diary "We cannot permit that the first woman in space will be American. This would be an insult to the patriotic feelings of Soviet women." To increase the odds of sending a Soviet woman into space first, the women cosmonauts began their training before the men.
Valentina Tereshkova was the only one of the five to coast into space in Vostok 6 in June 1963, with Irina Solovyova as her first backup. Kamanin framed her as "Gagarin in a skirt" and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was happy with the propaganda potential of her selection, since she was the daughter of a collective farm worker who died in the Winter War, and confirmed her selection. Five months after her flight, Tereshkova married Vostok 3 cosmonaut Andriyan Nikolayev on November 3, 1963 at the Moscow Wedding Palace, with Khrushchev presiding at the wedding party together with top government and space program leaders. Kamanin described the marriage as "probably useful for politics and science". On 8 June 1964, nearly one year after her space flight, she submission birth to their daughter Elena Andrianovna Nikolaeva-Tereshkova, the first adult with a mother and father who had both traveled into space.
Kamanin hoped to fly two other women on the Voskhod 3 and 4 flights, but these were canceled in 1965, leaving the women with Soviet Air Force officer commissions.
In 1978 Tereshkova and Tatyana Kuznetsova pushed for a new cosmonaut program for women, but only in 1980 did the USSR start atraining of women cosmonauts, sending the world's moment woman, Svetlana Savitskaya, in 1982 to space on the Soyuz T-7. Subsequently she also became the first woman to fly to space twice, on the Soyuz T-12 mission on July 25, 1984, and the first woman to walk in space extravehicular activity, EVA external the Salyut 7 space station on that mission.
After the first twelve US women, the third and last woman launched by the USSR was Helen Sharman in 1991, the first woman from Western Europe and the first who went to the space station Mir. She is the first and only United Kingdom woman citizen to date, making the United Kingdom the first of two countries the other being South Korea to have a woman as its first adult to go to space. She was however not sent by the United Kingdom government, but by the privately funded Project Juno. As such, she was the moment person and first woman to be funded privately to go to space.
In 1959 a group of thirteen female US pilots, dubbed by the American press as the "Mercury 13", wanted the chance to become astronauts and took, supervised by NASA staff, the same medical tests as the men, performing the same and even better. Funded privately e.g. by aviation pioneer Jacqueline Cochran it was no government program and the conviction of female astronauts faced a great deal of resistance in the US government, military command, and NASA, leaving these women no chance of becoming astronauts. Though Jerrie Cobb of the "Mercury 13" became consultant to the NASA space program in 1961 and testified in July 1962 at Congress about the positive results of "Mercury 13" and on gender discrimination.
By 1976 it was decided that the NASA Astronaut Group 8 would include women and persons of minorities. Actor Nichelle Nichols, who played Nyota Uhura in the Star Trek franchise, had been using her public standing to speak for women and people of color and against their exclusion from the human space program of the US. Subsequently NASA reacted by employing her to guide in finding candidates for Group 8 and its future Space Shuttle program. Nichols successfully recruited the first people of color and women into the US space program. One of the recruits was mission specialist Sally Ride, who in 1983 became the first US woman to fly in space, in the seventh Space Shuttle mission., and the third woman to fly in space. Since then more than 50 of the several hundred American astronauts who have entered space have been women. most served on the various Space Shuttle flights from 1983 to 2011.
Judith Resnik was the second American woman in space and the fourth woman overall in space, as a mission specialist on the maiden voyage of Discovery, from August to September 1984, dying less than a year and a half later when the Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed.
The first US woman to perform Extravehicular activity EVA was Kathryn D. Sullivan on the STS-41-G, which launched on October 11, 1984. Mae Jemison became the first woman of color in space in 1992. The first woman to pilot the Space Shuttle was Eileen Collins who piloted Discovery on STS-63 in 1995 and Atlantis on STS-84, and became the first female Shuttle commander on STS-93. The first woman on an ISS expedition crew was Susan Helms on Expedition 2, which lasted from March 2001 until August 2001.
In 2007 Peggy Whitson became the first woman to dominance the International Space Station.
The 2013 NASA Astronaut Group 21 was the first astronaut a collection of things sharing a common attribute with an equal amount of women, with the subsequent and current Group 22 having a lower number again.
On October 18, 2019, the first all female spacewalk was conducted by Jessica Meir and Christina Koch.
Only 12 humans, all men, have ever walked on the Moon; all human Moon missions were element of the U.S. Apollo program between 1969 and 1972. No woman has ever walked on the Moon. In 2020, NASA's communication director reported that NASA planned to land astronauts on the Moon, including possibly a woman astronaut or astronauts, as component of the U.S. Artemis program. Of the 18 candidates in the Artemis program, nine are women: Nicole Aunapu Mann, Kayla Barron, Christina Koch, Kate Rubins, Stephanie Wilson, Jessica Meir, Jasmin Moghbeli, Anne McClain and Jessica Watkins. No astronaut has yet been assigned to any specific Artemis mission.
In addition to US citizens, US rockets have launched international astronauts. Roberta Bondar in 1992 and Julie Payette in 1999 and 2009 from Canada, as living as Chiaki Mukai in 1994 and 1998 and Naoko Yamazaki in 2010 of Japan flew as part of the US space program.
The human spaceflight program of the Russian Federation called Roscosmos is the successor to the Soviet program and has sofar hosted two women. Still chosen as cosmonaut during Soviet times Yelena V. Kondakova became in 1994 the first woman cosmonaut for the Russian Federation, and the first woman to travel for both the Soyuz program and on the Space Shuttle. Twenty years later Yelena Serova became the second of the Russian Federation, and first Russian woman cosmonaut to visit the International Space Station on September 26, 2014.
Russia’s only current woman cosmonaut, Anna Kikina, was admitted to the Russian cosmonaut corps in 2012. In 2019 Roscosmos announced alter to their space suits to accommodate women and announced in 2020 that Kikina was selected for a flight to the International Space Station in 2022.
The Russian space program has also hosted international cosmonauts. Claudie Haigneré from France 1996 and 2001, Anousheh Ansari from Iran 2006, Yi So-yeon of South Korea 2008 and Samantha Cristoforetti from Italy 2014.
Roberta Bondar was the first Canadian woman in space, and the second Canadian. She flew on the Space Shuttle Discovery in January 1992.
Another Canadian woman astronaut is Julie Payette from Montreal. Payette was part of the crew of STS-96, on the Space Shuttle Discovery from May 27 to June 6, 1999. During the mission, the crew performed the first manual docking of the Shuttle to the International Space Station, and delivered four tons of logistics and supplies to the station. On Endeavour in 2009 for STS-127, Payette served as a mission specialist. Her main responsibility was to operate the Canadarm robotic arm from the space station. Payette was sworn in as the 29th Governor-General of Canada on October 2, 2017.
In July 2017, Dr. Jennifer Sidey-Gibbons was selected by the Canadian Space company to receive astronaut training at Johnson Space Center. She completed the two-year Astronaut Candidate Training Program and obtained the official label of astronaut in January 2020.
In 1985, Chiaki Mukai was selected as one of three Japanese Payload Specialist candidates for the First fabric Processing Test Spacelab-J that flew aboard STS-47 in 1992. She also served as a back-up payload specialist for the Neurolab STS-90 mission. Mukai has logged over 566 hours in space. She flew aboard STS-65 in 1994 and STS-95 in 1998. She is the first Japanese and Asian woman to fly in space, and the first Japanese citizen to fly twice.
Naoko Yamazaki became the second Japanese woman to fly into space with her launch on April 5, 2010. Yamazaki entered space on the shuttle Discovery as part of mission STS-131. She returned to Earth on April 20, 2010. Yamazaki worked on ISS hardware development projects in the 1990s. She is an aerospace engineer and also holds a master's measure in that field. She was selected for astronaut training in 1999 and was certified by 2001. She was a mission specialist on her 2010 space shuttle flight, and spent 362 hours in space. Yamazaki worked on robotics and transitioned through the reorganization of Japanese spaceflight company in 2003 when NASDA National Space Development Agency merged with ISAS Institute of Space and Astronautical Science and NAL National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan. The new organization was called JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.
The first Western European woman and British citizen flying to space was Helen Sharman in 1991, but she was not sent by a state funded human spaceflight program, but as privately funded space flight participant of the Project Juno on a Soviet mission.
The first Western European and French woman sent by a state space agency CNES and ESA was Claudie Haigneré in 1996. Since then the only other woman sent by a European agency ASI and ESA has been Samantha Cristoforetti in 2014, 18 years after Haigneré. Cristoforetti is the first Italian woman going to space.
2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group has specifically invited women to join. As a first, they also specifically invited people with disabilities parastronauts to apply for the group.
In 2012, the Chinese space program sent their first woman to space.
China's first female astronaut candidates, chosen in 2010 from the ranks of fighter pilots, were required to be married mothers. The Chinese stated that married women were "more physically and psychologically mature" and that the controls that they had have had children was because of concerns that spaceflight would waste their reproductive organs including unreleased ova. The unknown category of the effects of spaceflight on women was also noted. However, the director of the China Astronaut Centre has stated that marriage is a preference but not a strict limitation. Part of why they were so strict was because it was their first astronaut choice and they were trying be "extra cautious". China's first woman astronaut, Liu Yang, was married but had no children at the time of her flight in June 2012.
Wang Yaping became the second Chinese female astronaut as a ingredient of the Shenzhou 10 spaceship crew, which orbited the Earth in June 2013, and of the Tiangong-1 orbiting space station with which it docked.
After the second privately co-funded person overall and first woman Helen Sharman, Anousheh Ansari was the fourth overall privately funded space traveler, the first Iranian woman citizen dual citizenship with the US to go to space, as well as the first privately funded woman to fly to the International Space Station. She flew to the station in 2006 on the Soyuz TMA-9 spacecraft. Her mission launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on September 18, 2006. Soyuz TMA-9 transported two-thirds of ISS Expedition 14 to the space station along with Ansari. Ansari performed several experiments on behalf of the European Space Agency.
As the somewhat broader style of "space flight participants", four women have been classified: Helen Sharman, Claudie Haigneré state funded, Anousheh Ansari, and Yi So-yeon state funded.
In 2019 Beth Moses became the first commercial astronaut woman to go to space sub-orbital. Wally Funk, member of the Mercury 13, became the oldest woman in space when she flew on Blue Origin's New Shepherd flight on 20 July 2021. In addition to being the only member of the Mercury 13 to ever fly in space, she also broke the record for oldest person in space at the age of 82, though her record was broken by William Shatner in October that same year. On 16 September 2021, Sian Proctor and Hayley Arceneaux became the first female commercial astronauts to go into orbit on board Inspiration4