Pragmatic word order
Some languages hit no constant word order and often usage a significant amount of morphological marking to disambiguate the roles of the arguments. However, some languages use a fixed word order even if they give a measure of marking that would help free word order. Also, some languages with free word order, such(a) as some varieties of Datooga, chain free word order with a lack of morphological distinction between arguments.
Typologically, highly-animate actors are more likely topical than low-animate undergoers, a trend that would come through even in languages with free word order. That a statistical bias for SO order or OS in the case of ergative systems, but ergative systems do not commonly extend to the highest levels of animacy and usually manage way to some form of nominative system, at least in the pronominal system.
Most languages with a high degree of morphological marking have rather flexible word orders, such as O'odham. In some languages, a general word order can be identified, but this is much harder in others. When the word order is free, different choices of word order can be used to assist identify the theme and the rheme.
Word order in Hungarian sentences is changed according to the speaker's communicative intentions. Hungarian word order is non free in the sense that it must reflect the information structure of the sentence, distinguishing the emphatic factor that carries new information rheme from the rest of the sentence that carries little or no new information theme.
The position of focus in a Hungarian sentence is immediately previously the verb, that is, nothing can separate the emphatic component of the sentence from the verb.
For "Kate ate a section of cake", the possibilities are:
The only freedom in Hungarian word order is that the order of parts outside the focus position and the verb may be freely changed without all conform to the communicative focus of the sentence, as seen in sentences 2 and 3 as well as in sentences 6 and 7 above. These pairs of sentences have the same information structure, expressing the same communicative aim of the speaker, because the part immediately previous the verb is left unchanged.
Note that the emphasis can be on the action verb itself, as seen in sentences 1, 6 and 7, or it can be on parts other than the action verb, as seen in sentences 2, 3, 4 and 5. whether the emphasis is not on the verb, and the verb has a co-verb in the above example 'meg', then the co-verb is separated from the verb, and always follows the verb. Also note that the enclitic -t marks the direct object: 'torta' cake + '-t' -> 'tortát'.
Hindi-Urdu Hindustani is essentially a verb-final SOV language, with relatively free word order since in nearly cases postpositions kind quite explicitly the relationships of noun phrases with other constituents of the sentence. Word order in Hindustani usually does notgrammatical functions. Constituents can be scrambled to express different information structural configurations, or for stylistic reasons. The number one syntactic point in a sentence is usually the topic, which may underconditions be marked by the particle "to" तो / تو, similar in some respects to Japanese topic marker は wa. Some rules governing the position of words in a sentence are as follows:
Some of any the possible word order permutations of the sentence "The girl received a gift from the boy on her birthday." are offered below.
In Portuguese, ]
Braces { } are used above to indicate omitted subject pronouns, which may be implicit in Portuguese. Because of conjugation, the grammatical person is recovered.
In Latin, the endings of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and pronouns allow for extremely flexible order in near situations. Latin lacks articles.
The Subject, Verb, and thing can come in any order in a Latin sentence, although most often particularly in subordinate clauses the verb comes last. Pragmatic factors, such as topic and focus, play a large part in determine the order. Thus the following sentences regarded and identified separately. answer a different question:
Latin prose often follows the word order "Subject, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Adverb, Verb", but this is more of a guideline than a rule. Adjectives in most cases go before the noun they modify, but some categories, such as those that setting or specify e.g. Via Appia "Appian Way", usually follow the noun. In Classical Latin poetry, lyricists followed word order very generally toa desired scansion.
Due to the presence of grammatical cases nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and in some cases or dialects vocative and locative applied to nouns, pronouns and adjectives, the Albanian language allowed a large number of positional combination of words. In spoken language a word order differing from the most common S-V-O lets the speaker putting emphasis on a word, thus changing partially the message delivered. Here is an example:
In these examples, "mua" can be omitted when not in first position, causing a perceivable change in emphasis; the latter being of different intensity. "Më" is always followed by the verb. Thus, a sentence consisting of a subject, a verb and two objects a direct and an indirect one, can be
expressed in six different ways without "mua", and in twenty-four different ways with "mua", adding up to thirty possible combinations.
O'odham is a Linguistic communication that is spoken in southern Arizona and Northern Sonora, Mexico. It has free word order, with only the Auxiliary bound to one spot. Here is an example, in literal translation:
These examples are all grammatically-valid variations on the sentence, "The cowboy is branding the calves," though some are rarely found in natural speech. This is discussed in Grammaticality.