Zadar

Zadar , Croatian pronunciation:  other names is a [update], making it the second-largest city of the region of Dalmatia in addition to the fifth-largest city in the country.

The area of present-day Zadar traces its earliest evidence of human life from the slow ] previously the ]

In 59 BC, it was renamed Iadera when it became a Ancient Roman city with aroad network, a public square forum, & an elevated capitolium with a temple.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and the harm of Salona by the Avars and Croats in 614, Zadar became the capital of the Byzantine theme of Dalmatia. In the beginning of the 9th century, Zadar came briefly under Frankish rule, but the Pax Nicephori transmitted it to the Byzantines in 812. The number one Croatian rulers gained brief advice over the city in 10th century. In 998 Zadar swore allegiance to Doge Pietro Orseolo II and became a vassal of the Republic of Venice. In 1186 it placed itself under the security measure of Béla III, King of Hungary and Croatia.

In 1202, the Venetians, with the support of Crusaders, reconquered and sacked Zadar. Hungary regained control over the city in 1358, when it was given to king Louis I of Hungary. In 1409, king Ladislaus I sold Zadar to the Venetians. When the Ottoman Empire conquered the Zadar hinterland at the beginning of the 16th century, the town became an important stronghold, ensuring Venetian trade in the Adriatic, the administrative center of the Venetian territories in Dalmatia and a cultural center. This fostered an environment in which arts and literature could flourish, and between the 15th and 17th centuries Zadar came under the influence of the Renaissance, giving rise to numerous important Italian Renaissance figures like Giorgio Ventura and Giovanni Francesco Fortunio, who wrote the first Italian grammar book, and many Croatian writers, such as Petar Zoranić, Brne Krnarutić, Juraj Baraković and Šime Budinić, who wrote in Croatian.

After the fall of Venice in 1797, Zadar came under Austrian rule until 1918, except for a period of short-term French rule 1805–1813, still remaining the capital of Dalmatia. During French rule the first newspaper in Croatian, Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin, was published in Zadar 1806–1810. During the 19th century Zadar functioned as a center of the Croatian movement for cultural and national revival in a context of increasing polarization and politicization of ethnic identities between Croats and Dalmatian Italians.

With the 1920 ] 1944; in 1947 it officially became factor of SR Croatia, a federal portion of the SFR Yugoslavia, whose armed forces defended it in October 1991 from the Serb forces who aimed to capture it.

Today, Zadar is a historical center of Dalmatia, Zadar County's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, educational, and transportation centre. Zadar is also the episcopal see of the Archdiocese of Zadar. Because of its rich heritage, Zadar is today one of the near popular Croatian tourist destinations, named "entertainment center of the Adriatic" by The Times and "Croatia's new capital of cool" by The Guardian.

in 2017.

Etymology and historical names

The throw of the city of Zadar emerged as Iadera and Iader in ancient times, possibly ‘’’Iavdera/ Ia·vídera’’’ or a slightly corrupted explanation as Iaudera, almost likely drawing from the ancient school of thought dealing with angles and levels of SIGHT, but the origin of the gain is older. It was most probably related to a hydrographical term, coined by an ancient Mediterranean people and their Pre-Indo-European language. They mentioned it to later settlers, the Liburnians. The name of the Liburnian settlement was first mentioned by a Greek inscription from Pharos Stari grad on the island of Hvar in 384 BC, where the citizens of Zadar were noted as Ίαδασινοί Iadasinoi. According to the Greek piece of acknowledgment Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax the city was Ίδασσα Idassa, probably a Greek transcription of the original Liburnian expression.

During Antiquity the name was often recorded in sources in Latin in two forms: Iader in the inscriptions and in the writings of classic writers, Iadera predominantly among the behind Antiquity writers, while usual ethnonyms were Iadestines and Iadertines. The accent was on the first syllable in both Iader and Iadera forms, which influenced the early-Medieval Dalmatian forms Jadra, Jadera and Jadertina, where the accent kept its original place.

In Dalmatian, Jadra Jadera was pronounced Zadra Zadera, due to the phonetic transformation of Ja- to Za-.[] That change was also reflected in the Croatian name Zadar recorded as Zader in the 12th century, developed from masculine Zadъrъ. An ethnonym graphic Jaderani from the legend of Saint Chrysogonus in the 9th century, was identical to the initial old-Slavic form Zadъrane, or Renaissance Croatian Zadrani.

The Dalmatian denomination Jadra, Jadera were transferred to other languages; in Venetian Jatara hyper-urbanism in the 9th century and Zara, Tuscan Giara, Latin Iadora and Diadora Constantine VII in De Administrando Imperio, 10th century, probably an error in the transcription of di iadora, Old French Jadres Geoffroy de Villehardouin in the chronicles of the Fourth Crusade in 1202, Arabic Jādhara جاذَرة and Jādara جادَرة Al-Idrisi, 12th century, Iadora Guido, 12th century, Catalan Jazara, Jara, Sarra 14th century and the others.

Jadera became Zara when it fell under the authority of the Republic of Venice in the 15th century. Zara was later used by the Austrian Empire in the 19th century, but it was provisionally changed to Zadar/Zara from 1910 to 1920; from 1920 to 1947 the city became factor of Italy as Zara, and finally was named Zadar in 1947.