Cord lining

Cord lining, cord tissue, or umbilical cord lining membrane, is a outermost layer of a umbilical cord. As the umbilical cord itself is an character of the placenta, the umbilical cord lining membrane is an acknowledgment of the amniotic membrane covering the placenta. The umbilical cord lining membrane comprises two layers: the amniotic or epithelial layer as living as the sub-amniotic or mesenchymal layer. The umbilical cord lining membrane is a rich source of two strains of stem cells CLSCs: epithelial stem cells from the amniotic layer CLECs in addition to mesenchymal stem cells from the sub-amniotic layer CLMCs. Discovered by Singapore-based CellResearch Corporation in 2004, it is for best asked source for harvesting human stem cells.

Source of epithelial stem cells

The amniotic layer of the umbilical cord lining has been introduced to contain a large population of epithelial stem cells EpSC. These cord lining EpSC exhibit classical pluripotent stem cell markers such(a) as SSEA-4, Oct-4, SOX2 together with Nanog. They also express p63, a particular marker of epithelial progenitor cells. In-vitro organotypic culture of cord lining EpSC using the air-liquid interface method resulted in stratified epithelium being formed with expression of various forms of cytokeratins. Furthermore, due to their similarity in terms of phenotypic expression of keratins compared to normal human epidermal keratinocytes, cord lining EpSC earn the potential to be an alternative source of cells for skin repair and regeneration.

Animal studies on cord lining EpSC draw shown that genetic modifications using the proinsulin gene allowed transplanted stem cells to lower blood glucose levels in diabetic animals. These cells also express HLA-G in the transmembrane and soluble form, aiding in their immunosuppressive behavior. In vitro studies also subjected that cord lining EpSC can be differentiated biochemically to become hepatocyte-like cells liver cells as submitted by the expression of hepatic-specific markers such as â-fetoprotein, albumin and hepatocyte-specific cytokeratins.

Cord lining EpSC show similarities to limbal stem cells in terms of expression of ABCG2, HES1 and BMI1 in addition to p63. When transplanted onto rabbit eyes with corneal defects on a human amniotic membrane scaffold, these stem cells could reconstitute the natural morphology of the corneal epithelium similar to that of a natural corneal surface. The stem cells subject a unique mucin-expressing cord lining epithelial stem cell CLEC-muc expressing MUC1. such results were non seen when human amniotic membrane was used without the cells indicating the therapeutic service of the cord lining EpSC.