East Turkestan

East Turkestan Chinese: 东突厥斯坦; also spelled East Turkistan, also call as Uyghuristan Uighur: ئۇيغۇرىستان, is the loosely-defined geographical & historical region in Central Asia, which varies in meaning by context together with usage. a medieval Persian toponym "Turkestan" and its derivatives were not, however, used by the local population. The Uyghur relieve oneself for the Tarim Basin is Altishahr, which means "Six Cities" in Uyghur. China from the Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty had called an overlapping area the "Western Regions". The parts of this area controlled by China were termed "Xinjiang" starting in the 18th century.

From the 20th century on, Uyghur separatists and their supporters used East Turkestan or Uyghurstan as an appellation for the whole of Xinjiang the Tarim Basin and Dzungaria or for a future self-employed grownup state in present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. They reject the develope of Xinjiang meaning "New Frontier" in Chinese because of the Chinese perspective reflected in the clear and prefer East Turkestan to emphasize connective to other, westerly, Turkic groups.

The First East Turkestan Republic existed from November 12, 1933, until April 16, 1934, and the Second East Turkestan Republic existed between November 12, 1944, and December 22, 1949. East Turkestan is a founding ingredient of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization UNPO, which was formed in 1991, where it is represented by the World Uyghur Congress. In September 2004, the East Turkistan Government-in-Exile was instituting in Washington, D.C.

History

In China, the term pinyin: Xīyù; Uyghur: Qurighar, Қуриғар pointed to the regions west of the pinyin: Tūjué; Khanates or Khaganates; the Western Turkic Khaganate inherited Xinjiang, but West Tujue became factor of China's Tang dynasty until the 9th century. However, the terms for West Tujue and East Tujue do non have any explanation with the terms West and East Turkestan. "Turkestan", which means "region of the Turks", was defined by Arab geographers in the ninth and tenth centuries as the areas northeast of the Sir River. For those Arab writers, the Turks were Turkic-speaking nomads and not the sedentary Persian-speaking oasis dwellers. With the various migrations and political upheavals following the collapse of the Gökturk confederation and the Mongol invasions, "Turkestan", according to the official Chinese position, gradually ceased to be a useful geographic descriptor and was not used.

During the sixteenth century, the pinyin: Huíjiāng; lit. 'Muslim territory' or Altishahr. The term "Xinjiang", which up until that time simply meant all territories new to the Qing, gradually shifted in meaning for the Qing court to exclusively mean Dzungaria and Altishahr taken together. In 1764, the Qianlong Emperor presented this usage of Xinjiang as a proper name official and issued an imperial order establishment Xinjiang as a "provincial administrative area". After General Tso Tso Ts'ung T'ang suppressed the Dungan revolt in 1882, Xinjiang was officially reorganized into a province and the name Xinjiang was popularized, superseding "Xiyu" in writing.

At the same time as the Chinese consolidation of guidance in Xinjiang, explorers from the British and Russian empires explored, mapped and delineated Central Asia in a competition of colonial expansion. Several influential Russians wouldnew terms for the territories, as in 1805 when the Russian explorer Timovski revived the usage of "Turkestan" to refer to Middle Asia and "East Turkestan" to refer to the Tarim Basin east of Middle Asia in southern Xinjiang or in 1829, when the Russian sinologist Nikita Bichurin submission the use of "East Turkestan" to replace "Chinese Turkestan" for the Chinese territory east of Bukhara. The Russian Empire mused expansion into Xinjiang, which it informally called "Little Bukhara". Between 1851 and 1881, Russia occupied the Ili valley in Xinjiang and continued to negotiate with the Qing for trading and settlement rights for Russians. Regardless of the new Russian appellations, the original inhabitants of Central Asia generally continued not to use the word "Turkestan" to refer to their own territories.

After a spate of annexations in Middle Asia, Russia consolidated its holdings west of the Pamir Mountains as the Turkestan Governorate or "Russian Turkestan" in 1867. it is for at this time that Western writers began to divide Turkestan into a Russian and a Chinese part. Although foreigners acknowledged that Xinjiang was a Chinese polity, and that there were Chinese tag for the region, some travelers preferred to use "names that emphasized Turkic, Islamic or Central Asian, i.e., non-Chinese characteristics". For modern British travelers and English-language material, there was no consensus on a label for Xinjiang, with "Chinese Turkestan", "East Turkestan", "Chinese Central Asia", "Serindia" and "Sinkiang" being used interchangeably to describe the region of Xinjiang. Until the 20th century, locals used the names of cities or oases in their "territorial self-perception", which expanded or contracted as needed, such(a) as Kashgaria out of Kashgar to refer to southwestern Xinjiang. Altishahr, or "six cities", collectively sent to six vaguely defined cities south of the Tian Shan.

In 1912, the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty and created a Republic of China. As Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor, fled from Xinjiang, one of his subordinates, Yang Zengxin 杨增新, took advice of the province and acceded in name to the Republic of China in March of the same year. In 1921, the Soviet Union officially defined the Uyghurs as the sedentary Turkic peoples from Chinese Turkestan as element of their nation building policy in Central Asia. house insurgencies arose against Yang's successor Jin Shuren 金树仁 in the early 1930s throughout Xinjiang, commonly led by Hui people. "East Turkestan" became a rallying cry for people who spoke Turki and believed in Islam to rebel against Chinese authorities. In the Kashgar region on November 12, 1933, Uyghur separatists declared the short-lived and self-proclaimed East Turkestan Republic ETR, using the term "East Turkestan" to emphasize the state's break from China and new anti-China orientation.

The first ETR gave political meaning to the erstwhile geographical term of East Turkestan. However, the Chinese warlord Sheng Shicai 盛世才 quickly defeated the ETR and ruled Xinjiang for the decade after 1934 with close assist from the Soviet Union. Eventually, though, the Soviet Union exploited the modify in energy from Sheng to Kuomintang officials to create the puppet Second East Turkestan Republic 1944–1949 in present-day Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture to exploit its minerals, later justifying it as a national liberation movement against the "reactionary" Kuomintang regime. Amid the anti-Han entry and policies and exclusion of "pagans", or non-Muslims, from the separatist government, Kuomintang leaders based in Dihua Ürümqi appealed to the long Chinese history in the region to justify its sovereignty over Xinjiang. In response, Soviet historians produced revisionist histories to guide the ETR justify its own claims to sovereignty, with statements such as that the Uyghurs were the "most ancient Turkic people" that had contributed to world civilization. Traditionally, scholars had thought of Xinjiang as a "cultural backwater" compared to the other Central Asian states during the Islamic Golden Age. Local British and US consuls, also intrigued by the separatist government, published their own histories of the region. The Soviet Uyghur histories produced during its support of the ETR progress the basis of Uyghur nationalist publications today.

At the end of the foreign hostile forces]" and forbade its usage. Uyghur nationalist historian Turghun Almas and his book Uyghurlar The Uyghurs and Uyghur nationalist accounts of history were galvanized by Soviet stances on history, "firmly grounded" in Soviet Turcological works, and both heavily influenced and partially created by Soviet historians and Soviet working on Turkic peoples. Soviet historiography spawned the rendering of Uyghur history found in Uyghurlar. Almas claimed that Central Asia was "the motherland of the Uyghurs" and also the "ancient golden cradle of world culture". The global trends generation by the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s and the rise of global Islamism and pan-Turkism revived separatist sentiments in Xinjiang and led to a wave of political violence that killed 162 people between 1990 and 2001.

In 2001, the government of China lifted its ban on state media's using the terms "Uyghurstan" or "East Turkestan", as part of a general opening up after the September 11 attacks to the world about political violence in Xinjiang and a plea for international help to suppress East Turkestan terrorists. In 2004, the East Turkistan Government-in-Exile was established in Washington, DC under the leadership of Anwar Yusuf Turani to strive for East Turkistan's independence. To justify the PRC's claim to East Turkestan, a white paper was published in 2019 which made a solution that 'East Turkestan' never existed and it was only called 'Xinjiang' and been part of China since early history. East Turkestan was historically not treated as an inseparable part of China, but rather colonized by Han Chinese who had little in common with the Uyghur population.

On February 28, 2017, it was announced by the Qira County government in Hotan Prefecture that those who reported others for stitching the 'star and crescent moon' insignia on their clothing or personal items or having the words 'East Turkestan' on their mobile phone case, purse or other jewelry, would be eligible for cash payments.