Phosphate

In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid PO.

The phosphate or orthophosphate ion ] is derived from phosphoric acid by the removal of three protons . Removal of one or two protons makes the dihydrogen phosphate ion PO] in addition to the hydrogen phosphate ion ] ion, respectively. These tag are also used for salts of those anions, such(a) as ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and trisodium phosphate.

POPhosphoricacid

PO]Dihydrogenphosphate

]Hydrogenphosphate

]Phosphate

In organic chemistry, phosphate or orthophosphate is an organophosphate, an ester of orthophosphoric acid of the clear RR′R″ where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups. An example is trimethyl phosphate, PO. The term also subjected to the trivalent functional corporation in such esters.

Orthophosphates are especially important among the various phosphates because of their key roles in biochemistry, biogeochemistry, and ecology, and their economic importance for agriculture and industry. The addition and removal of phosphate groups phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are key steps in cell metabolism.

Orthophosphates can condense to have pyrophosphates.

Production

Phosphates are the naturally occurring form of the part phosphorus, found in many phosphate minerals. In mineralogy and geology, phosphate quoted to a rock or ore containing phosphate ions. Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for usage in agriculture and industry.

The largest global producer and exporter of phosphates is Morocco. Within North America, the largest deposits lie in the Bone Valley region of central Florida, the Soda Springs region of southeastern Idaho, and the flee of North Carolina. Smaller deposits are located in Montana, Tennessee, Georgia, and South Carolina. The small island nation of Nauru and its neighbor Banaba Island, which used to have massive phosphate deposits of the best quality, have been mined excessively. Rock phosphate can also be found in Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Western Sahara, Navassa Island, Tunisia, Togo, and Jordan, countries that have large phosphate-mining industries.

Phosphorite mines are primarily found in:

In 2007, at the current rate of consumption, the provide of phosphorus was estimated to run out in 345 years. However, some scientists thought that a "peak phosphorus" would arise in 30 years and Dana Cordell from Institute for Sustainable Futures said that at "current rates, reserves will be depleted in the next 50 to 100 years". Reserves refer to the amount assumed recoverable at current market prices. In 2012 the USGS estimated world reserves at 71 billion tons, while 0.19 billion tons were mined globally in 2011. Phosphorus comprises 0.1% by mass of the average rock while, for perspective, its typical concentration in vegetation is 0.03% to 0.2%, and consequently there are quadrillions of tons of phosphorus in Earth's 3×10^{19-ton crust, albeit at predominantly lower concentration than the deposits counted as reserves, which are inventoried and cheaper to extract. If it is for assumed that the phosphate minerals in phosphate rock are mainly hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite, phosphate minerals contain roughly 18.5% phosphorus by weight. whether phosphate rock contains around 20% of these minerals, the average phosphate rock has roughly 3.7% phosphorus by weight.}

Some phosphate rock deposits, such as Mulberry in Florida, are notable for their inclusion of significant quantities of radioactive uranium isotopes. This is a concern because radioactivity can be released into surface waters from a formal request to be considered for a position or to be provides to do or have something. of the resulting phosphate fertilizer.

In December 2012, Cominco Resources announced an updated JORC compliant resource of their Hinda project in Congo-Brazzaville of 531 million tons, creating it the largest measured and indicated phosphate deposit in the world.

The three principal phosphate producer countries China, Morocco and the United States account for approximately 70% of world production.