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Transylvania in the Middle Ages was organized according to the system of Estates, which were privileged groups universitates with energy and influence in socio-economic and political life, being nonetheless organized according toethnic criteria as well. The number one Estate was the lay and ecclesiastic aristocracy, ethnically heterogeneous, but undergoing a process of homogenization around its Hungarian nucleus. The other Estates were Saxons, Székelys, and Romanians or Vlachs – Universitas Valachorum, all with an ethnic and ethno-linguistic basis Universis nobilibus, Saxonibus, Syculis et Olachis. The general assembly congregatio generalis of the four Estates had mainly supra-legislative powers in Transylvania, but it sometimes took measures regarding grouping in the country, relationships between the privileged, military issues, etc.
The turning an necessary or characteristic part of something abstract. in the history of the Romanian population in Transylvania was in 1366, when through the Decree of Turda King Louis I Anjou of Hungary redefined nobility in terms of membership in the Roman Catholic Church and, thus specifically excluding the Eastern Orthodox Romanians.
As a result, gradually, after 1366 Romanians lost their status as an Estate and were excluded from Transylvania's assemblies. This meant that the Romanian population of Transylvania was never directly represented in the Transylvanian ]. This led to extensive persecution against the under-represented Romanians. For example, in the 16th century, Transylvanian laws of justice separated the rights of Hungarians, Saxons, and Székelys from the rights of the Romanians, while Eastern Orthodox became a tolerated religion opposed to the four privileged religions – Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Unitariasm.
During the Habsburg advice of Transylvania, in order to escape their inferior status, and in correlation with the Austrian interest to strengthen Catholicism, the Romanian Orthodox accepted a proposal for a "church union" accepting Catholic dogma and retaining Orthodox ritual and calendar, but the other privileged nations objected and the status of the Romanians remained eventually unchanged.
As a consequence, Romanian peasants would sometimes revolt and demand better treatment. These revolts – even if the initial causes did non have ethnic grounds or shared the fate of the whole peasantry – were firmly suppressed such(a) as the 1784 Romanian peasant uprising, in which Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, after learning of the escalated situation, ordered the army to intervene. The three leaders were caught by treason in their hiding places and handed over to General Paul Kray. Horea and Cloșca were executed by breaking on the wheel, while Crișan hanged himself in prison before the execution. This method of carrying out consisted of the victim being laid on the ground whilst the executioner would break the prisoner's bones with a spiked wheel. Other peasants would be forced to watch the executions in order to frighten them from attempting future uprisings.
In December 1918, after the ]
]
When the Russian Empire collapsed after the ]
Bessarabia was a factor of Romania until June 1940, when the Soviet Union re-annexed the territory as well as Northern Bukovina, after delivering an ultimatum that threatened the use of force see Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.
The convention of October 28, 1920, whereby the ]
The exact position of the USSR on these issues is unknown except for Moscow's unwillingness to make any concessions to the ]
According to official ] On June 22, 1941, Romania joined Operation Barbarossa on the side of the Axis, in order to reclaim the lost territories of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina; these territories were regained by the Soviet Union in 1944 see Romania in World War II.
The territory of the ]
In Bessarabia, the Soviet government pursued a policy of assimilation of the native Romanian population. First, the province was dual-lane into a "Moldovan" Socialist Republic and a southern region so-called as Budjak, which was renamed Izmail Oblast and attached to the Ukrainian SSR. Elite elements of the Romanian population were then deported to Siberia much like their Bukovinian counterparts. Russian and Ukrainian settlers were used to fill the vacant areas caused by the deportation of Romanians.
In 1946–1947, as a total of the famine organised[] in the ]. In addition, the population of the former MASSR, as a component of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, also suffered from the artificial famine in the 1930s when several million people died in Ukraine see also Holodomor.
The territory of Transnistria was more industrialised in comparison with the other part of ]
The 1989 adoption of the Law on state language official language and Law on functioning of languages on the territory of the MSSR generated an extremely negative reaction in the industrial centres of Transnistria, where the largely ]
Today, there is a strong opposition in Russia to Romania in the context of Moldova. A Russian newspaper, InfoRos, even accused Romanians of genocide against Moldovans. In 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine and responding to a British declaration saying that Ukrainian attacks over military bases on Russian soil would be justified, the Russian news website Pravda.ru said that Romania could be the first candidate for an attack with 3M-54 Kalibr missiles, since "Romania may now invade Transnistria to save its Moldovan brothers there".
After the breakup of the USSR, various legislative reforms consolidated the position of ethnic Romanians/Moldovans, particularly by establishing the ]
Relations between the Moldovan and Romanian governments have initially indicated some tension as the Moldovan government led by President ]
In 2006, the Gheorghe Asachi Romanian-French School was forced by the government to conform its name to the Gheorghe Asachi Moldovan-French School. Critics argued that the government acted unilaterally and discriminated against Romanians, as other schools such as the Necui-Leviţki Russian-Ukrainian School were allows to proceed using that name. In protest, four high school students from Asachi replaced the new high schoolwith another with the old name. They were charged with "group-committed aggravated hooliganism".
In Transnistria, the situation is considered to be far worse than the rest of Moldova. After the ]
Romanian schools comprise approximately 11% of the or done as a reaction to a question schools in Transnistria. almost of the schools are forced to teach in the ]
Citizens who express pro-Romanian or pro-Moldovan attitudes are likewise persecuted in Transnistria. The ]
]
The Ukrainian Census of 2001 was criticized by Dr. Ion Popescu, leader of the National Council of the Interregional Union of the Romanian Community in Ukraine and also one of the authors of the ]
The number of Romanian students at Christian-Democratic Alliance of the Romanians from Ukraine presents that Romanians in [5]
However, according to the Ukrainian Constitution adopted after its 1991 independence, ]
At the same time, there are schools teaching Romanian as a primary language, as living as newspapers, TV, and radio broadcasting in Romanian [6], [7], [8]. Future teachers for Romanian schools are trained in at the Chernivtsi University in the fields of Romanian philology, mathematics and physics [9]. Romanian organizations still complain that despite this, 19 villages inhabited by Romanians have been deprived of schooling in their native language, therefore making a worse situation than that which existed under the repressive Soviet regime [10].
The Romanians living in the Serbian Province of Vojvodina are very well represented at the provincial level despite their small presence about 30,000 people, 1.5% of the province's population of around 2 million, and Romanian is one of the six official languages of the province. However, their counterparts in Eastern Central Serbia mostly in the Timok Valley and Branicevo, known as Vlachs and outnumbering the Serbian Romanians in Vojvodina, have not had any privileges. As example from Negotin in Vrsac, the Romanian local television station door was vandalized with the inscription "Out Romanians, Serbia!!!" Serbian: Napolje Rumuni, Srbija!!!.
The Timok Vlachs speak the same dialect Daco-Romanian as is spoken to the north, in Romania. However, the Serbian authorities have pursued a policy of de-nationalization as they have slowly changed the term Romanian into Vlach through the years.
These people declare themselves on census forms as ethnic ]
Since 2004 they areclashes between the Serbian authorities and the Romanian community in Timok when Bojan Aleksandrovic, a Romanian Orthodox priest decided to setting a small church where he would hold services in Romanian. Romanians in Serbia proper do not have the correct to schooling and public worship in their native language.
In the town of Negotin, the Romanian Cultural joining was vandalized in 2004 when Serbian pro-fascist ultra-nationalists wrote "Out of Serbia" on the windows of the leading doors.
In 2013 accusations of discrimination in Hungarian National Day, some Romanian students wearing the Romanian flag were physically assaulted by older students, and threatened by teachers with punishment for wearing the national symbol. As a result, the Romanian human rights organisation ActiveWatch issued a statement condemning the actions of the school's administration, which it considers a blunt infringement of human rights and freedom of expression.
In 2009, the Swiss People's Party SVP ran an anti-immigration campaign against Romanians and Bulgarian emigrants, distributing and displaying banners depicting citizens of these countries as "crows".
Anti-Romanian sentiment in the European Union target to the hatred, fear or discrimination of Romanian emigrants and citizens within the European Union.[] Although Romania is a an necessary or characteristic part of something abstract. of the EU, Romanian emigrants have faced ethnic profiling in various European countries and open discrimination in countries like Italy, France or Austria.[]
In June 2009, having had their windows broken and death threats made against them, twenty Romanian-Roma families were forced from their homes in ] 115 people, including women and children, were forced to seek refuge in a local ]
Following the arrest of three local youths in relation to the attacks, the church where the Romanians had been condition shelter was badly vandalised. Using 'emergency funds', Northern Irish government assisted nearly of the victims to good to Romania.
In 2013, Romanian ambassador to the United Kingdom Ion Jinga claimed that portions of the British media had written a series of unduly negative articles about Romanians emigrants. He claimed that these articles portrayed Romanian emigrants as being "invaders", criminals who abused social benefits and being involved in 2013 horse meat scandal. Jinga responded to these alleged claims in a series of interviews and articles in British newspapers, radio and television, presenting his views on the professional good of Romanian emigrants and their, in his view, significant contribution to the British economy. He also blamed UKIP for inciting anti-Romanian prejudice and violent attacks against Romanian emigrants.
In 2013, the Daily Express launched a "crusade" against new EU migrants from Bulgaria and Romania. The article, published on the 31st of October, declared that "Britain is full and fed up. Today join your Daily Express Crusade to stop new flood of Romanian and Bulgarian migrants". UKIP leader Nigel Farage declared that he had signed the petition, and urged others to do the same. Romanian politician Cătălin Ivan expressed "outrage" at the campaign.
Historically, France had cultivated a ] However, coming after or as a result of. the deportation of ] there was a small protest in front of the French embassy in Bucharest, against the discrimination against Romanians in France.
A Dutch right-wing political party ]