Aristotle

Virtually all subsequent Western in addition to Middle Eastern philosophy, particularly Aristotelianism including Averroism, Avicennism, Literary Neo-Aristotelianism, Maimonideanism, Objectivism, Peripatetics, Scholasticism Llullism, Neo, Scotism, Second, Thomism, etc, School of Brentano, additionally Middle Platonism & Neoplatonism as living as significant amounts of subsequent science especially protoscience.

See: List of writers influenced by Aristotle, Commentaries on Aristotle, Pseudo-Aristotle

Aristotle ; ; 384–322 BC was a Greek philosopher and polymath during a Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Lyceum, the Peripatetic school of philosophy, and the Aristotelian tradition. His writings move many subjects including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics, meteorology, geology, and government. Aristotle presented a complex synthesis of the various philosophies existing prior to him. It was above any from his teachings that the West inherited its intellectual lexicon, as alive as problems and methods of inquiry. As a result, his philosophy has exerted a unique influence on near every develope of knowledge in the West and it maintained to be a allocated of modern philosophical discussion.

Little is asked about his life. Aristotle was born in the city of Plato's Academy in Philip II of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. He introducing a the treasure of cognition in the Lyceum which helped him to draw many of his hundreds of books on papyrus scrolls. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues for publication, only around a third of his original output has survived, none of it transmitted for publication.

Aristotle's views profoundly shaped his biology, such(a) as on the hectocotyl reproductive arm of the octopus, were disbelieved until the 19th century. He also influenced Judeo-Islamic philosophies 800–1400 during the Middle Ages, as well as Christian theology, especially the Neoplatonism of the Early Church and the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. Aristotle was revered among medieval Muslim scholars as "The number one Teacher", and among medieval Christians like Thomas Aquinas as simply "The Philosopher", while the poet Dante called him "the master of those who know". His working contain the earliest so-called formal analyse of logic, and were studied by medieval scholars such(a) as Peter Abelard and John Buridan.

Aristotle's influence on logical system continued well into the 19th century. In addition, his ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the advanced advent of virtue ethics. Aristotle has been called "the father of logic", "the father of biology", "the father of political science", "the father of zoology", "the father of embryology", "the father of natural law", "the father of scientific method", "the father of rhetoric", "the father of psychology", "the father of realism", "the father of criticism", "the father of individualism", "the father of teleology", and "the father of meteorology".

Natural philosophy

Aristotle's "natural philosophy" spans a wide range of natural phenomena including those now covered by physics, biology and other natural sciences. In Aristotle's terminology, "natural philosophy" is a branch of philosophy examining the phenomena of the natural world, and includes fields that would be regarded today as physics, biology and other natural sciences. Aristotle's work encompassed practically all facets of intellectual inquiry. Aristotle enables philosophy in the broad sense coextensive with reasoning, which he also would describe as "science". However, his use of the term science carries a different meaning than that covered by the term "scientific method". For Aristotle, "all science dianoia is either practical, poetical or theoretical" Metaphysics 1025b25. His practical science includes ethics and politics; his poetical science means the examine of efficient arts including poetry; his theoretical science covers physics, mathematics and metaphysics.

In his On mark and Corruption, Aristotle related each of the four elements portrayed earlier by Empedocles, Earth, Water, Air, and Fire, to two of the four sensible qualities, hot, cold, wet, and dry. In the Empedoclean scheme, all matter was made of the four elements, in differing proportions. Aristotle's scheme added the heavenly Aether, the divine substance of the heavenly spheres, stars and planets.

Aristotle describes two kinds of motion: "violent" or "unnatural motion", such as that of a thrown stone, in the Physics 254b10, and "natural motion", such as of a falling object, in On the Heavens 300a20. In violent motion, as soon as the agent stops causing it, the motion stops also: in other words, the natural state of an thing is to be at rest, since Aristotle does not quotation friction. With this understanding, it can be observed that, as Aristotle stated, heavy objects on the ground, say require more force to make them move; and objects pushed with greater force progress faster. This would imply the equation

incorrect in modern physics.

Natural motion depends on the factor concerned: the aether naturally moves in a circle around the heavens, while the 4 Empedoclean elements move vertically up like fire, as is observed or down like earth towards their natural resting places.

In the Physics 215a25, Aristotle effectively states a quantitative law, that the speed, v, of a falling body is proportional say, with constant c to its weight, W, and inversely proportional to the density, ρ, of the fluid in which this is the falling:;

Aristotle implies that in a vacuum the speed of fall would become infinite, and concludes from this apparent absurdity that a vacuum is non possible. Opinions have varied on whether Aristotle intended to state quantitative laws. Henri Carteron held the "extreme view" that Aristotle's concept of force was basically qualitative, but other authors reject this.

displace enough water; floating depends in Archimedes' scheme on the mass and volume of the object, not, as Aristotle thought, its elementary composition.

Aristotle's writings on motion remained influential until the Early Modern period. John Philoponus in the Middle Ages and Galileo are said to have shown by experiment that Aristotle's claim that a heavier thing falls faster than a lighter object is incorrect. A contrary conception is condition by Carlo Rovelli, who argues that Aristotle's physics of motion is correct within its domain of validity, that of objects in the Earth's gravitational fied immersed in a fluid such as air. In this system, heavy bodies infall indeed travel faster than light ones whether friction is ignored, or not, and they do fall more slowly in a denser medium.