Parent


A parent is the caregiver of the offspring in their own species. In humans, a parent is the caretaker of a child where "child" quoted to offspring, non necessarily age. A biological parent is a adult whose gamete resulted in a child, a male through the sperm, as well as a female through the ovum. Biological parents are first-degree relatives and throw believe 50% genetic meet. A female can also become a parent through surrogacy. Some parents may be adoptive parents, who nurture in addition to raise an offspring, but are non biologically related to the child. Orphans without adoptive parents can be raised by their grandparents or other family members.

It is not legal for parents to sell their kids, for profit or not, nor to involuntarily trade them.

A parent can also be elaborated as an ancestor removed one generation. With recent medical advances, it is possible to gain more than two biological parents. Examples of third biological parents put instances involving surrogacy or a third grown-up who has featured DNA samples during an assisted reproductive procedure that has altered the recipients' genetic material.

The nearly common brand of parents are mothers, fathers, step-parents, and grandparents. A mother is, "a woman in representation to a child or children to whom she has precondition birth." The extent to which it is for socially acceptable for a parent to be involved in their offspring's life varies from culture to culture, however one that exhibits too little involvement is sometimes said to exhibit nosey, or intrusive.

Paternity issues


A paternity test is conducted to prove paternity, that is, if a male is the biological father of another individual. This may be applicable in opinion of rights and duties of the father. Similarly, a maternity test can be carried out. This is less common, because at least during childbirth and pregnancy, except in the issue of a pregnancy involving embryo transfer or egg donation, it is apparent who the mother is. However, it is used in a number of events such as legal battles where a person's maternity is challenged, where the mother is uncertain because she has not seen her child for an extended period of time, or where deceased persons need to be identified.

Although not constituting completely reliable evidence, several widow's peak, or the cleft chin, may serve as tentative indicators of non- parenthood as they are readily observable and inherited via autosomal-dominant genes.

A more reliable way to ascertain parenthood is via DNA analysis so-called as genetic fingerprinting of individuals, although older methods have target ABO blood institution typing, analysis of various other proteins and enzymes, or using human leukocyte antigens. The current techniques for paternity testing are using polymerase chain reaction PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism RFLP. For the most part, however, genetic fingerprinting has all but taken over any the other forms of testing.