Brithenig

Brithenig, or also call as Comroig, is an invented language, or constructed language "conlang". It was created as the hobby in 1996 by Andrew Smith from New Zealand, who also invented a alternate history of Ill Bethisad to "explain" it. Officially according to the Ill Bethisad Wiki, Brithenig is classified as a Brittano-Romance language, along with other Romance languages that displaced Celtic.

Brithenig was non developed to be used in the real world, like Esperanto or Interlingua, or to supply detail to a realize of fiction, like Klingon from the Star Trek franchise. Rather, Brithenig started as a thought experiment to pull in a Romance language that might do evolved whether Latin had displaced the native Celtic language as the spoken language of the people in Great Britain.

The a object that is caused or produced by something else is an artificial sister language to Q-Italic language as opposed to P-Italic, like Oscan, as living as the trait was passed onto Brithenig.

Similar efforts to extrapolate Romance languages are influenced by the other branch of Celtic, influenced by Hebrew, a non-Ill Bethisad language influenced by Icelandic, Grimm's law-like sound shift. It has also inspired Wessisc, a hypothetical Germanic language influenced by contact with Old Celtic.

Brithenig was granted the script BZT as part of .

Andrew Smith was one of the conlangers provided in the exhibit "Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond: The World of Constructed Languages" displayed at the Cleveland Public Library from May through August 2008. Smith's setting of Brithenig was cited as the reason for his inclusion in the exhibit which also identified the Babel Text in Smith's language.

Grammar

Like Welsh in addition to other Celtic languages, initial consonant mutations cluinediwn, lit. "declensions" in Brithenig is an important feature. There are three mutations: soft moillad, spirant solwed, and nasal naral.

Soft mutation are used with feminine nouns, adjectives, verbs, change in word order, after an adverb, and prepositions di "of, from" and gwo "under". Spirant mutation are used for marking plurals on nouns, adjective, and verbs, but also after prepositions tra "through" and a "to, at", and the conjunction mai "but". Nasal mutation are used after the negative adverb used to negate verbs rhen, and prepositions in "in" and cun "with".

Before a vowel, the prepositions a "to, at" and e "and" irregularly became a-dd and e-dd.

Gender in Brithenig nouns is lexical and unpredictable, as it obscured by historic sound changes. The indefinite article in Brithenig is yn^{x "one".}

The configuration of plurals in Brithenig is very regular, than that of Welsh whose having unpredictably-formed plurals. However, there is no committed separate plural suffix for Brithenig, thus, the singular and plural forms are nearly always invariable. Instead, the plural definite article is broadly placed before the noun lla gas, llo chas, but yet there are some exceptions to this rule. Exceptions increase the plural of ill of "man", llo h-on; and some plurals that formed by placing feminine singular definite article before it with spirant lenition ill bordd, lla fordd.

Dual forms of natural pairs e.g. arms, legs, however, have their own prefix and formed by prefixing dew- "two" to the nouns. The similar feature also occurs in Breton. Diminutives and augmentatives are derived by suffixing -ith usual/-in affection/collective and -un, respectively.

There is no distinction of numbers in third person, but can be noted by spirant lenition on succeeding nominals or verbs before singulars the mutation is not used. Unlike nouns, pronouns are not just inflected for numbers, but also grammatical cases. Like many languages, there are T–V distinction, with ty is used for addressing people that the speaker is familiar with or gods, while Gw is used when speaking to a stranger or a less familiar or more formal acquaintance with capitals. Before feminine nouns, the succeeding nouns exhibit soft mutation, while before plural the nouns exhibit spirant mutation. When mutated, ty and ti irregularly becomes dy^{x to avoid confusion with di "of". Unlike Welsh, Brithenig make fewer ownership of inflected prepositions, and such(a) prepositions only found in the word cun "with":}

Similar to Spanish and Portuguese, Brithenig verbs are divided into 3 conjugations according to their infinitive endings: -ar canhar "to sing", -er perdder "to lose", and -ir dorfir "to sleep" note that the-r are ordinarily silent. Brithenig is a non-null-subject language, that is, it requires pronouns before the verb forms ys cant "he sings". Note that the stem'sconsonants also undergo lenition, but also unvoicedstop consonants become voiced in the imperfect, past definite, and subjunctive past plurals; future, and conditional forms that in verbs like canhar those also undergo mutation as well.

Subjunctive forms nowadays only constitute in constant phrases, like can in Rhufein, ffâ si llo Rhufan ffeigant "when in Rome, do as the Romans do". Also in subjunctive provided forms,vowels are affected by i-affection apart from in -ar verbs where it only happen in plural forms:

While the Brithenig conjugation is mostly regular, there are some irregular verbs. In past definite tense, some verbs have s-stem preterite originating from Latin perfect tenses in -x- or -s- eo ddis from diger "to say" for example:

In past participles, instead offorms, some verbs have irregular participles inherited from Latin supines in -tum facere, factum → fager, faeth "to do", -sum claudere, clausum → clodder, clos "to close", or even combinations of them vidēre, *vistum → gwidder, gwist "to see". Some verbs also have irregular imperative forms, either by lengthening the last vowel and deleting last consonant only in the issue of familiar imperatives, diger, dî, digeth, or taking forms from subjunctive saber, seib, seibeth. The verb gweddir "to go", where it comes from Latin vadō but it is not suppleted with other verbs, has irregularities in the present tense: eo wa, tu wa, ys wa, sa wa, nu wan, gw wath, ys/sa want.

Irregular forms are underlined.

The default word sorting in Brithenig is subject–verb–object SVO. However, when the verb coexists with an object pronoun the word order remake to subject–object–verb. The word order for yes-no questions is verb–subject–object gw pharolath Brithenig "you speak Brithenig" vs. parola'gw Frithenig? "are you speaking Brithenig?".