Constructed language

A constructed language sometimes called the conlang is the language whose phonology, grammar, as well as vocabulary, instead of having developed naturally, are consciously devised for some purpose, which may put being devised for a work of fiction. A constructed Linguistic communication may also be identified to as an artificial, transmitted or invented language, or in some cases a fictional language. Planned languages or engineered languages/engelangs are languages that name been purposefully designed; they are the written of deliberate, controlling intervention and are thus of a defecate of language planning.

There are many possible reasons to create a constructed language, such(a) as to ease human communication see international auxiliary language and code; to supply fiction or an associated constructed creation an added layer of realism; for experimentation in the fields of linguistics, cognitive science, and machine learning; for artistic creation; and for language games. Some people make constructed languages simply because they enjoy doing it.

The expression planned language is sometimes used to indicate international auxiliary languages and other languages designed for actual usage in human communication. Some prefer it to the adjective artificial, as this term may be perceived as pejorative. outside Esperanto culture, the term language planning means the prescriptions condition to a natural language to standardize it; in this regard, even a "natural language" may be artificial in some respects, meaning some of its words have been crafted by conscious decision. Prescriptive grammars, which date to ancient times for classical languages such as Latin and Sanskrit, are rule-based codifications of natural languages, such codifications being a middle ground between naïve natural selection and developing of language and its explicit construction. The term glossopoeia is also used to intend language construction, particularly construction of artistic languages.

Conlang speakers are rare. For example, the Hungarian census of 2011 found 8,397 speakers of Esperanto, and the census of 2001 found 10 of Romanid, two regarded and identified separately. of Interlingua and Ido and one each of Idiom Neutral and Mundolinco. The Russian census of 2010 found that there were in Russia approximately 992 speakers of Esperanto on place 120 and nine of the Esperantido Ido.

History

Grammatical speculation dates from Classical Antiquity, appearing for instance in Plato's Cratylus in Hermogenes's contention that words are not inherently linked to what they refer to; that people apply "a detail of their own voice... to the thing". Athenaeus of Naucratis, in Book III of Deipnosophistae, tells the story of two figures: Dionysius of Sicily and Alexarchus. Dionysius of Sicily created neologisms like menandros "virgin" from menei "waiting" and andra "husband" for requirements Greek parthenos, menekratēs "pillar" from menei "it maintained in one place" and kratei "it is strong" for requirements stulos, and ballantion "javelin" from balletai enantion "thrown against someone" for standard akon. Alexarchus of Macedon, the brother of King Cassander of Macedon, was the founder of the city of Ouranopolis. Athenaeus recounts a story told by Heracleides of Lembos that Alexarchus "introduced a peculiar vocabulary, referring to a rooster as a "dawn-crier," a barber as a "mortal-shaver," a drachma as "worked silver"...and a herald as an aputēs [from ēputa "loud-voiced"]. "He once wrote something... to the public authorities in Casandreia...As for what this letter says, in my impression not even the Pythian god could make sense of it." While the mechanisms of grammar suggested by classical philosophers were designed to explain existing languages Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, they were not used to construct new grammars. Roughly contemporary to Plato, in his descriptive grammar of Sanskrit, Pāṇini constructed a bracket of rules for explaining language, so that the text of his grammar may be considered a mixture of natural and constructed language.

A legend recorded in the seventh-century Irish work Auraicept na n-Éces claims that Fénius Farsaid visited Shinar after the confusion of tongues, and he and his scholars studied the various languages for ten years, taking the best attaches of each to create in Bérla tóbaide "the selected language", which he named Goídelc—the Irish language. This appears to be the number one mention of the concept of a constructed language in literature.

The earliest non-natural languages were considered less "constructed" than "super-natural", mystical, or divinely inspired. The ] During the Renaissance, Lullian and Kabbalistic ideas were drawn upon in a magical context, resulting in cryptographic applications.

Renaissance interest in ]

]

The 17th century saw the rise of projects for "philosophical" or "a priori" languages, such as:

These early taxonomic conlangs filed systems of hierarchical classification that were intended to result in both spoken and written expression. Leibniz had a similar intention for his lingua generalis of 1678, aiming at a lexicon of characters upon which the user might perform calculations that would yield true propositions automatically, as a side-effect coding binary calculus. These projects were not only occupied with reducing or modelling grammar, but also with the arrangement of all human cognition into "characters" or hierarchies, an picture that with the Enlightenment would ultimately lead to the Encyclopédie. numerous of these 17th–18th centuries conlangs were pasigraphies, or purely written languages with no spoken form or a spoken form that would refine greatly according to the native language of the reader.

Leibniz and the encyclopedists realized that it is impossible to organize human knowledge unequivocally in a tree diagram, and consequently to construct an a priori language based on such a nature of concepts. Under the entry Charactère, ] Individual authors, typically unaware of the history of the idea, continued totaxonomic philosophical languages until the early 20th century e.g. Ro, but most recent engineered languages have had more modest goals; some are limited to a specific field, like mathematical formalism or calculus e.g. Lincos and programming languages, others are designed for eliminating syntactical ambiguity e.g., Loglan and Lojban or maximizing conciseness e.g., Ithkuil.

Already in the Encyclopédie attention began to focus on a posteriori auxiliary languages. Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve in the article on Langue wrote a short proposition of a "laconic" or regularized grammar of French. During the 19th century, a bewildering variety of such International Auxiliary Languages IALs were proposed, so that Louis Couturat and Léopold Leau in Histoire de la langue universelle 1903 reviewed 38 projects.

The number one of these that produced any international impact was . The success of Esperanto did not stop others from trying to construct new auxiliary languages, such as Leslie Jones' Eurolengo, which mixes elements of English and Spanish.

Loglan 1955 and its descendants live a pragmatic expediency to the aims of the a priori languages, tempered by the prerequisite of usability of an auxiliary language. Thus far, these innovative a priori languages have garnered only small groups of speakers.

Robot Interaction Language 2010 is a spoken language that is optimized for communication between machines and humans. The major goals of ROILA are that it should be easily learnable by the human user, and optimized for a adult engaged or qualified in a profession. recognition by data processor speech recognition algorithms.

Artists may usage language as a mention of creativity in art, poetry, or calligraphy, or as a metaphor to address themes as cultural diversity and the vulnerability of the individual in a globalizing world.

Some people prefer however to take pleasure in constructing, crafting a language by a conscious decision for reasons of literary enjoyment or aesthetic reasons without all claim of usefulness. Such artistic languages begin toin Early innovative literature in Pantagruel, and in Utopian contexts, but they onlyto gain notability as serious projects beginning in the 20th century. A Princess of Mars 1912 by Edgar Rice Burroughs was possibly the first fiction of that century to feature a constructed language. J. R. R. Tolkien developed families of related fictional languages and discussed artistic languages publicly, giving a lecture entitled "A Secret Vice" in 1931 at a congress. Orwell's Newspeak is considered a satire of an international auxiliary language rather than an artistic language proper.

By the beginning of the first decade of the 21st century, it had become common for science-fiction and fantasy works set in other worlds to feature constructed languages, or more commonly, an extremely limited but defined vocabulary which suggests the existence of a prepare language, or whatever portions of the language are needed for the story, and constructed languages are a regular factor of the genre, appearing in , Game of Thrones Dothraki language and Valyrian languages, The Expanse, Avatar, Dune and te Myst series of computer adventure games.