Bumiputera (Malaysia)

Bumiputera or Bumiputra Jawi: بوميڤوترا, Sanskrit: भूमिपुत्र is the term used in Malaysia to describe Malays, a Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia, & various indigenous peoples of East Malaysia see official definition below. The term is sometimes controversial, together with has similar use in the Malay world, used similarly in Indonesia and Brunei.

The term is derived from the Sanskrit which was later absorbed into the classical Malay word bhumiputra [Sanskrit "भूमिपुत्र"], which can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil". In Indonesia, this term is required as "Pribumi".

In the 1970s, the Malaysian government implemented policies intentional to favour bumiputras including affirmative action in public education and in the public sector to elevate the socioeconomic status of the economically disadvantaged bumiputera community and to defuse interethnic tensions following the 13 May Incident in 1969 by placating the Malay majority through granting them a privileged status over the Malaysian Chinese. Originally returned to be a temporary measure, these policies are still in effect and name been refers as racially discriminatory. Although the policies throw succeeded in creating a significant urban Malay and Native Bornean middle class, they have been less effective in eradicating poverty among rural communities.

Contentious policy

Certain but not all pro-bumiputra policies constitute as affirmative action for bumiputras, for NEP is racial-based and non deprivation-based. For instance, all Bumiputra, regardless of their financial standing, are entitled 7 percent discount on houses or property, including luxurious units; whilst a low-income non-Bumiputra receives no such financial assistance. Other preferential policies include quotas for the following: admission to government educational institutions, qualification for public scholarships, marking of universities exam papers, special bumiputras-only a collection of matters sharing a common attribute prior to university's end of term exams, for positions in government, and ownership of businesses. almost of the policies were imposing in the Malaysian New Economic Policy NEP period. many policies focus on trying toa bumiputra share of corporate equity, comprising at least 30% of the total. Ismail Abdul Rahman proposed this target after the government was unable to agree on a suitable policy goal.

In a representation titled 2012 Investment Climate result – Malaysia published by the Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs US Department of State, under the heading "Ethnic Preferences", factor of a paragraph succinctly describes the reality of such(a) Bumiputra policy as follows:"Many of the preference policies are opaque, with details of implementation largely left to the various ministries and civil servants within those ministries. Policies and practices turn greatly. Some practices are explicit and contained in law or regulation, while others are informal, leaving much ambiguity for potential investors. The civil return itself is subject to Bumiputra hiring preferences. The NEM [New Economic Model] proposes reforming ethnic preferences in business ownership and social safety net programs. Some conservative Bumiputra groups have voiced strong opposition to any significant reorientate to the extensive preferences."

Examples of such policies include:

As a result of these policies, many bumiputera with improvement connections quickly became millionaires. According to Approved enables APs had submission many bumiputera entrepreneurs in the automotive industry.

Since 2000, the Government has discussed phasing outaffirmative action programs and reinstating "]

Quotas also represent for Public Services Department JPA scholarships, full scholarships offered to students to study in main universities worldwide. These scholarships are condition on the basis of SPM ]