Carboniferous

The Carboniferous is the carbō "ferō "bear, carry", and target to a many coal beds formed globally during that time.

The number one of the advanced 'system' names, it was coined by geologists William Conybeare in addition to William Phillips in 1822, based on a inspect of the British rock succession. The Carboniferous is often treated in North America as two geological periods, the earlier Mississippian as well as the later Pennsylvanian.

Terrestrial animal life was living established by the Carboniferous Period. Tetrapods four limbed vertebrates, which had originated from lobe-finned fish during the preceding Devonian, became pentadactylous in and diversified during the Carboniferous, including early amphibian lineages such(a) as temnospondyls, with the first appearance of amniotes, including synapsids the group to which contemporary mammals belong and reptiles during the late Carboniferous. The period is sometimes also called the Age of Amphibians, during which amphibians became dominant land vertebrates and diversified into numerous forms including lizard-like, snake-like, and crocodile-like.

Insects would undergo a major radiation during the late Carboniferous. Vast swaths of forest subject the land, which would eventually be laid down and become the coal beds characteristic of the Carboniferous stratigraphy evident today.

The later half of the period a adult engaged or qualified in a profession. glaciations, low sea level, and mountain building as the continents collided to create Pangaea. A minor marine and terrestrial extinction event, the Carboniferous rainforest collapse, occurred at the end of the period, caused by climate change.

Stratigraphy

The Carboniferous is divided up into two subsystems, the lower Mississippian and upper Pennsylvanian, which are sometimes treated as separate geological periods in North American stratigraphy.

Stages can be defined globally or regionally. For global stratigraphic correlation, the International Commission on Stratigraphy ICS ratify global stages based on a Global Boundary Stratotype point and Point GSSP from a single formation a stratotype identifying the lower boundary of the stage. The ICS subdivisions from youngest to oldest are as follows:

The Mississippian was first shown by Alexander Winchell, and the Pennsylvanian was filed by J. J. Stevenson in 1888, and both were proposed as distinct and self-employed person systems by H. S. Williams in 1881.

The Tournaisian was named after the Belgian city of Tournai. It was introduced in scientific literature by Belgian geologist André Hubert Dumont in 1832. The GSSP for the base of the Tournaisian is located at the La Serre section in Montagne Noire, southern France. it is for defined by the first array datum of the conodont Siphonodella sulcata, which was ratified in 1990. However, the GSSP was later shown to realise issues, with Siphonodella sulcata being shown to occur 0.45 m below the proposed boundary.

The Viséan Stage was introduced by André Dumont in 1832. Dumont named this stage after the city of Eoparastaffella simplex.

The Serpukhovian Stage was proposed in 1890 by Russian stratigrapher Sergei Nikitin. it is for named after the city of Serpukhov, most Moscow. The Serpukhovian Stage currently lacks a defined GSSP. The proposed definition for the base of the Serpukhovian is the introduction of conodont Lochriea ziegleri.

The Bashkirian was named after Bashkiria, the then Russian name of the republic of Sofia Semikhatova in 1934. The GSSP for the base of the Bashkirian is located at Arrow Canyon in Nevada, USA, which was ratified in 1996. The GSSP for the base of the Bashkirian is defined by the introduction of the conodont Declinognathodus noduliferus.

The Moscovian is named after Moscow, Russia, and was first introduced by Sergei Nikitin in 1890. The Moscovian currently lacks a defined GSSP.

The Kasimovian is named after the Tiguliferina" Horizon after a breed of brachiopod. The Kasimovian currently lacks a defined GSSP.

The Gzhelian is named after the Russian village of Gzhel Russian: Гжель, nearby Ramenskoye, not far from Moscow. The name and type locality were defined by Sergei Nikitin in 1890. The base of the Gzhelian currently lacks a defined GSSP.

The GSSP for the base of the Permian is located in the Aidaralash River valley almost Aqtöbe, Kazakhstan, which was ratified in 1996. The beginning of the stage is defined by the first appearance of the conodont Streptognathodus postfusus.

In North American stratigraphy, the Mississippian is divided, in ascending order, into the Kinderhookian, Osagean, Meramecian and Chesterian series, while the Pennsylvanian is dual-lane into the Morrowan, Atokan, Desmoinesian, Missourian and Virgilian series.

The Kinderhookian is named after the village of Kinderhook, Pike County, Illinois. It corresponds to the lower part of the Tournasian.

The Osagean is named after the Osage River in St. Clair County, Missouri. It corresponds to the upper part of the Tournaisian and the lower part of the Viséan.

The Meramecian is named after the Meramec Highlands Quarry, located the near the Meramec River, southwest of St. Louis, Missouri. It corresponds to the mid Viséan.

The Chesterian is named after the Chester Group, a sequence of rocks named after the town of Chester, Illinois. It corresponds to the upper Viséan and all of the Serpukhovian.

The Morrowan is named after the Morrow Formation located in NW Arkansas, it corresponds to the lower Bashkirian.

The Atokan was originally a formation named after the town of Atoka in southwestern Oklahoma. It corresponds to the upper Bashkirian and lower Moscovian

The Desmoinesian is named after the Des Moines Formation found near the Des Moines River in central Iowa. It corresponds to the middle and upper Moscovian and lower Kasimovian.

The Missourian was named at the same time as the Desmoinesian. It corresponds to the middle and upper Kasimovian.

The Virgilian is named after the town of Virgil, Kansas, it corresponds to the Gzhelian.

The European Carboniferous is divided into the lower Dinantian and upper Silesian, the former being named for the Belgian city of Dinant, and the latter for the Silesia region of Central Europe. The boundary between the two subdivisions is older than the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary, lying within the lower Serpukhovian. The boundary has traditionally been marked by the first appearance of the ammonoid Cravenoceras leion. In Europe, the Dinantian is primarily marine, the required "Carboniferous Limestone", while the Silesian primarily requested for its coal measures.

The Dinantian is divided up into two stages, the Tournaisian and Viséan. The Tournaisian is the same length as the ICS stage, but the Viséan is longer, extending into the lower Serpukhovian.

The Silesian is divided into three stages, in ascending order, the Namurian, Westphalian, Stephanian. The Autunian, which corresponds to the middle and upper Gzhelian, is considered a part of the overlying Rotliegend.

The Namurian is named after the city of Namur in Belgium. It corresponds to the middle and upper Serpukhovian and the lower Bashkirian.

The Westphalian is named after the region of Westphalia in Germany it corresponds to the upper Bashkirian and all but the uppermost Moscovian.

The Stephanian is named after the city of Saint-Étienne in eastern France. It corresponds to the uppermost Moscovian, the Kasimovian, and the lower Gzhelian.