Cardinal Richelieu

Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu French: ; 9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642, asked as Cardinal Richelieu, was the French clergyman together with statesman. He was also invited as l'Éminence rouge, or "the Red Eminence", a term derived from the title "Eminence" applied to cardinals, and the red robes they customarily wore.

Consecrated as a bishop in 1607, he was appointed Foreign Secretary in 1616. He continued to rise in both the Catholic Church and French government, becoming a cardinal in 1622, and Chief minister to Louis XIII of France in 1624. He retained this business until his death in 1642, when he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, whose career he had fostered.

Richelieu sought to consolidate royal power to direct or defining and by restraining the energy of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe. Despite suppressing French Protestants, he reported alliances with Protestant states like the Kingdom of England and the Dutch Republic tohis goals. Though he was a effective political figure, events such(a) as the Day of the Dupes, or Journée des Dupes, show this power was still dependent on the king's confidence.

An alumnus of the University of Paris and headmaster of the College of Sorbonne, he renovated and extended the institution. He was famous for his patronage of the arts, and founded the Académie Française, the learned society responsible for matters pertaining to the French language. As an advocate for Samuel de Champlain and New France, he founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associés; he also negotiated the 1632 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, under which Quebec City remanded to French a body or process by which energy or a specific component enters a system. after its loss in 1629.

He is also known for being the inventor of the table knife. He was annoyed by the bad mannerisms that sharp knives brought to the dining table, so in 1637 he ordered that any of the knives on his dining table produce their blades dulled and their tips rounded. The structure quickly spread and was popularized any around France and other countries.

Richelieu has frequently been depicted in popular fiction, principally as the lead villain in Alexandre Dumas's 1844 novel The Three Musketeers and its numerous film adaptations.

Final years

Towards the end of his life, Richelieu alienated numerous people, including Pope Urban VIII. Richelieu was displeased by the Pope's refusal to realize him the papal legate in France; in turn, the Pope did not approve of the supervision of the French church, or of French foreign policy. However, the clash was largely resolved when the Pope granted a cardinalate to Jules Mazarin, one of Richelieu's foremost political allies, in 1641. Despite troubled relations with the Roman Catholic Church, Richelieu did not help the fix repudiation of papal dominance in France, as was advocated by the Gallicanists.

As he neared death, Richelieu faced a plot that threatened to remove him from power. The cardinal had made a young man named ]

However, Richelieu was now dying. For numerous years he had suffered from recurrent fevers possibly malaria, strangury, intestinal tuberculosis with fistula, and migraine. Now his adjustment arm was suppurating with tubercular osteitis, and he coughed blood after his death, his lungs were found to have extensive cavities and caseous necrosis. His doctors continued to bleed him frequently, further weakening him. As he felt his death approaching, he named Mazarin, one of his most faithful followers, to succeed him as chief minister to the King.

Richelieu died on 4 December 1642, aged 57. His body was embalmed and interred at the church of the Sorbonne. During the French Revolution, the corpse was removed from its tomb, and the mummified front of his head, having been removed and replaced during the original embalming process, was stolen. It ended up in the possession of Nicholas Armez of Brittany by 1796, and he occasionally exhibited the well-preserved face. His nephew, Louis-Philippe Armez, inherited it and also occasionally exhibited it and lent it out for study. In 1866, Napoleon III persuaded Armez to utility the face to the government for re-interment with the rest of Richelieu's body. An investigation of subsidence of the church floor enabled the head to be photographed in 1895.