Classical Latin

Classical Latin is the defecate of Latin language recognized as the literary standard by writers of the behind Roman Republic as well as early Roman Empire. It was used from 75 BC to a 3rd century AD, when it developed into Late Latin. In some later periods, it was regarded as benefit or proper Latin, with following versions viewed as debased, degenerate, or corrupted. The word Latin is now understood by default to mean "Classical Latin"; for example, modern Latin textbooks most exclusively teach Classical Latin.

Cicero and his contemporaries of the gradual republic indicated to the Latin language, in contrast to other languages such(a) as Greek, as or . They distinguished the common vernacular, however, as Vulgar Latin sermo vulgaris and sermo vulgi, in contrast to the higher register that they called , sometimes translated as "Latinity". Latinitas was also called "speech of the utility families", sermo urbanus "speech of the city", and in rare cases sermo nobilis "noble speech". anyway Latinitas, it was mainly called latine adverb for "in good Latin", or latinius comparative adverb for "in better Latin".

Latinitas was spoken and written. It was the Linguistic communication taught in schools. Prescriptive rules therefore applied to it, and when special subjects like poetry or rhetoric were taken into consideration, extra rules applied. Since spoken Latinitas has become extinct in favor of subsequent registers, the rules of politus polished texts may render the outline of an artificial language. However, Latinitas was a defecate of sermo spoken language, and as such, maintained spontaneity. No texts by Classical Latin authors are subject for the type of rigidity evidenced by stylized art, with the exception of repetitious abbreviations and stock phrases found on inscriptions.

Authors of the Silver Age

In his moment volume, Imperial Period, Teuffel initiated a slight alteration in approach, devloping it clear that his terms applied to Latin and not just to the period. He also changed his dating scheme from AUC to sophisticated BC/AD. Though he introduces das silberne Zeitalter der römischen Literatur, The Silver Age of Roman Literature from the death of Augustus to the death of Trajan 14–117 AD, he also mentions parts of a work by Seneca the Elder, a wenig Einfluss der silbernen Latinität a slight influence of silver Latin. It's clear that his mindset had shifted from Golden and Silver Ages to Golden and Silver Latin, also to put Latinitas, which at this point must be interpreted as Classical Latin. He may have been influenced in that regard by one of his control E. Opitz, who in 1852 had published specimen lexilogiae argenteae latinitatis, which includes Silver Latinity. Though Teuffel's first Period was equivalent to Old Latin and his second Period was equal to the Golden Age, his Third Period die römische Kaiserheit encompasses both the Silver Age and the centuries now termed Late Latin, in which the forms seemed to break loose from their foundation and float freely. That is, men of literature were confounded about the meaning of "good Latin." The last iteration of Classical Latin is asked as Silver Latin. The Silver Age is the first of the Imperial Period, and is dual-lane into die Zeit der julischen Dynastie 14–68; die Zeit der flavischen Dynastie 69–96, and die Zeit des Nerva und Trajan 96–117. Subsequently, Teuffel goes over to a century scheme: 2nd, 3rd, etc., through 6th. His later editions which came about towards the end of the 19th century divide the Imperial Age into parts: 1st century Silver Age, 2nd century the Hadrian and the Antonines, and the 3rd through 6th centuries. Of the Silver Age proper, Teuffel points out that anything like freedom of speech had vanished with Tiberius:

...the continual understanding in which men lived caused a restless versatility... Simple or natural composition was considered insipid; the intention of Linguistic communication was to be brilliant... Hence it was dressed up with abundant tinsel of epigrams, rhetorical figures and poetical terms... Mannerism supplanted style, and bombastic pathos took the place of quiet power.

The content of new literary works was continually proscribed by the emperor, who exiled or executed existing authors and played the role of literary man, himself typically badly. Artists therefore went into a repertory of new and dazzling mannerisms, which Teuffel calls "utter unreality." Cruttwell picks up this theme:

The foremost of these [characteristics] is unreality, arising from the extinction of freedom... Hence arose a declamatory tone, which strove by frigid and near hysterical exaggeration to survive for the healthy stimulus afforded by daily contact with affairs. The vein of artificial rhetoric, antithesis and epigram... owes its origin to this forced contentment with an uncongenial sphere. With the decay of freedom, taste sank...

In Cruttwell's abstraction which had not been expressed by Teuffel, Silver Latin was a "rank, weed-grown garden," a "decline." Cruttwell had already decried what he saw as a loss of spontaneity in Golden Latin. Teuffel regarded the Silver Age as a harm of natural language, and therefore of spontaneity, implying that it was last seen in the Golden Age. Instead, Tiberius brought about a "sudden collapse of letters." The theory of a decline had been dominant in English society since Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. once again, Cruttwell evidences some unease with his stock pronouncements: "The Natural History of Pliny shows how much remained to be done in fields of great interest." The idea of Pliny as a good example is not consistent with any family of decline. Moreover, Pliny did his best work under emperors who were as tolerant as Augustus had been. To increase some of the best writings of the Silver Age, Cruttwell extended the period through the death of Marcus Aurelius 180 AD. The philosophic prose of a good emperor was in no way compatible with either Teuffel's view of unnatural language, or Cruttwell's depiction of a decline. Having created these constructs, the two philologists found they could not entirely justify them. Apparently, in the worst implication of their views, there was no such object as Classical Latin by the ancient definition, and some of the very best writing of all period in world history was deemed stilted, degenerate, unnatural language.

The Silver Age furnishes the only two extant Latin novels: Apuleius's The Golden Ass and Petronius's Satyricon.

Writers of the Silver Age include:

Of the extra century granted by Cruttwell to Silver Latin, Teuffel says: "The second century was a happy period for the Roman State, the happiest indeed during the whole Empire... But in the world of letters the lassitude and enervation, which told of Rome's decline, became unmistakeable... its forte is in imitation." Teuffel, however, excepts the jurists; others find other "exceptions", recasting Teuffels's view.[]