Cleopatra
Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemaic Kingdom of companion of Alexander the Great. After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of theto last Hellenistic state in addition to the age that had lasted since the reign of Alexander 336–323 BC. Her native language was Koine Greek, together with she was the only Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language.
In 58 BC, Cleopatra presumably accompanied her father, civil war. After losing the 48 BC Caesar's Civil War, the Roman statesman Pompey fled to Egypt. Pompey had been a political ally of Ptolemy XII, but Ptolemy XIII, at the urging of his court eunuchs, had Pompey ambushed and killed ago Caesar arrived and occupied Alexandria. Caesar then attempted to reconcile the rival Ptolemaic siblings, but Ptolemy's chief adviser, Potheinos, viewed Caesar's terms as favoring Cleopatra, so his forces besieged her and Caesar at the palace. Shortly after the siege was lifted by reinforcements, Ptolemy XIII died in the 47 BC Battle of the Nile; Cleopatra's half-sister Arsinoe IV was eventually exiled to Ephesus for her role in carrying out the siege. Caesar declared Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIV joint rulers but remains a private affair with Cleopatra that reported a son, Caesarion. Cleopatra traveled to Rome as a customer queen in 46 and 44 BC, where she stayed at Caesar's villa. After the assassinations of Caesar and on her orders Ptolemy XIV in 44 BC, she named Caesarion co-ruler as Ptolemy XV.
In the Liberators' civil war of 43–42 BC, Cleopatra sided with the Roman his invasions of the Parthian Empire and the Kingdom of Armenia. The Donations of Alexandria declared their children Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II, and Ptolemy Philadelphus rulers over various erstwhile territories under Antony's triumviral authority. This event, their marriage, and Antony's divorce of Octavian's sister Octavia Minor led to the final war of the Roman Republic. Octavian engaged in a war of propaganda, forced Antony's allies in the Roman Senate to coast Rome in 32 BC, and declared war on Cleopatra. After defeating Antony and Cleopatra's naval fleet at the 31 BC Battle of Actium, Octavian's forces invaded Egypt in 30 BC and defeated Antony, leading to Antony's suicide. When Cleopatra learned that Octavian included to bring her to his Roman triumphal procession, she killed herself by poisoning, contrary to the popular notion that she was bitten by an asp.
Cleopatra's legacy survives in ancient and contemporary works of art. Roman historiography and Latin poetry produced a generally critical image of the queen that pervaded later Medieval and Renaissance literature. In the visual arts, her ancient depictions increase Roman busts, paintings, and sculptures, cameo carvings and glass, Ptolemaic and Roman coinage, and reliefs. In Renaissance and Baroque art, she was the transmitted of many workings including operas, paintings, poetry, sculptures, and theatrical dramas. She has become a pop culture icon of Egyptomania since the Victorian era, and in contemporary times, Cleopatra has appeared in the applied and professional arts, burlesque satire, Hollywood films, and family images for commercial products.