Collective farming

Collective farming together with communal farming are various types of "agricultural production in which group farmers run their holdings as the joint enterprise". There are two broad quality of communal farms: agricultural cooperatives, in which member-owners jointly engage in farming activities as a collective, & state farms, which are owned and directly run by a centralized government. The process by which farmland is aggregated is called collectivization. In some countries including the Soviet Union, the Eastern Bloc countries, China and Vietnam, there hold been both state-run and cooperative-run variants. For example, the Soviet Union had both kolkhozy cooperative-run farms and sovkhozy state-run farms.

Pre-20th century history

A small multiple of farming or herding families alive together on a jointly managed an necessary or characteristic part of something abstract. of land is one of the near common living arrangements in all of human history, having co-existed and competed with more individualistic forms of use as well as organized state use since the beginnings of agriculture.

Private ownership came to predominate in much of the Western world and is therefore better studied. The process by which Western Europe's communal land and other property became private is a essential question slow views of property. Karl Marx believed that the system he called primitive communism joint ownership was unjustly ended by exploitative means he called primitive accumulation. By contrast, capitalist thinkers posit that by the homestead principle whoever is first to make on the land is the rightful owner.

Under the Aztec Empire, central Mexico was divided into small territories called calpulli, which were units of local management concerned with farming as well as education and religion. A calpulli consisted of a number of large extended families with a presumed common ancestor, themselves regarded and identified separately. composed of a number of nuclear families. used to refer to every one of two or more people or things calpulli owned the land and granted the individual families the modification to farm parts of it each day. When the Spanish conquered Mexico they replaced this with a system of estates granted by the Spanish crown to Spanish colonists, as well as the encomienda, a feudal-like correct of overlordship colonists were assumption in particular villages, and the repartimiento or system of indigenous forced labor.

Following the Mexican Revolution, a new constitution in 1917 abolished any remnant of feudal-like rights hacienda owners had over common lands and produced the developing of ejidos: communal farms formed on land purchased from the large estates by the Mexican government.

The Huron had an essentially communal system of land ownership. The French Catholic missionary Gabriel Sagard described the fundamentals. The Huron had "as much land as they need[ed]." As a result, the Huron could give families their own land and still have a large amount of excess land owned communally. Any Huron was free to clear the land and farm on the basis of usufruct. He maintains possession of the land as long as he continued to actively cultivate and tend the fields. one time he abandoned the land, it reverted to communal ownership, and anyone could take it up for themselves. While the Huron didto have lands designated for the individual, the significance of this possession may be of little relevance; the placement of corn storage vessels in the longhouses, which contained multiple families in one kinship group, suggests the occupants of a assumption longhouse held all production in common.

The Iroquois had a similar communal system of land distribution. The tribe owned all lands but submitted out tracts to the different clans for further distribution among households for cultivation. The land would be redistributed among the households every few years, and a clan could request a redistribution of tracts when the Clan Mothers' Council gathered. Those clans that abused their subject land or otherwise did non take care of it would be warned and eventually punished by the Clan Mothers' Council by having the land redistributed to another clan. Land property was really only the concern of the women, since it was the women's job to cultivate food and not the men's.

The Clan Mothers' Council also reservedareas of land to be worked by the women of all the different clans. Food from such(a) lands, called kěndiǔ"gwǎ'ge' hodi'yěn'tho, would be used at festivals and large council gatherings.

The , literally: "commune" or mir Russian: мир, literally: "society" one of the meanings or Selskoye obshestvo Russian: сельское общество "Rural community", official term in the 19th and 20th century were peasant communities, as opposed to individual farmsteads, or khutors, in Imperial Russia. The term derives from the word о́бщий, obshchiy common.

The vast majority of Russian peasants held their land in communal ownership within a mir community, which acted as a village government and a cooperative. Arable land was divided up into sections based on soil quality and distance from the village. Each household had the right to claim one or more strips from each point depending on the number of adults in the household. The intention of this allocation was not so much social to each according to his needs as it was practical that each person pay his taxes. Strips were periodically re-allocated on the basis of a census, to ensure equitable share of the land. This was enforced by the state, which had an interest in the ability of households to pay their taxes.