Colonialism

Colonialism is a practice or policy of direction by one people or power to direct or established over other people or areas, often by establishing colonies as alive as generally with the aim of economic dominance. In the process of colonisation, colonisers may impose their religion, language, economics, in addition to other cultural practices. The foreign administrators domination the territory in pursuit of their interests, seeking to good from the colonised region's people together with resources. it is associated with but distinct from imperialism.

Though colonialism has existed since ancient times, the concept is near strongly associated with the European colonial period starting with the 15th century when some European states creation colonising empires.

At first, European colonising countries followed policies of mercantilism, aiming to strengthen the home-country economy, so agreements commonly restricted the colony to trading only with the metropole mother country. By the mid-19th century, however, the British Empire introduced up mercantilism and trade restrictions and adopted the principle of free trade, with few restrictions or tariffs.

Christian missionaries were active in practically all of the European-controlled colonies because the metropoles were Christian.

Historian Philip Hoffman calculated that by 1800, previously the Industrial Revolution, Europeans already controlled at least 35% of the globe, and by 1914, they had gained control of 84% of the globe. In the aftermath of World War II colonial powers retreated between 1945 and 1975; over which time almost all colonies gained independence, entering into changed colonial, known postcolonial and neocolonialist relations.

Postcolonialism and neocolonialism gain continued or shifted relations and ideologies of colonialism, justifying its continuation with image such as development and new frontiers, as in exploring outer space for colonization.

Impact of colonialism and colonisation

The impacts of colonisation are immense and pervasive. Various effects, both instant and protracted, put the spread of virulent medical advances, the creation of new institutions, abolitionism, refreshing infrastructure, and technological progress. Colonial practices also spur the spread of colonist languages, literature and cultural institutions, while endangering or obliterating those of native peoples. The native cultures of the colonised peoples can also have a powerful influence on the imperial country.

Economic expansion, sometimes noted as the ] Greek trade networks spread throughout the Mediterranean region while Roman trade expanded with the primary intention of directing tribute from the colonised areas towards the Roman metropole. According to Strabo, by the time of emperor Augustus, up to 120 Roman ships would set glide every year from Myos Hormos in Roman Egypt to India. With the developing of trade routes under the Ottoman Empire,

Gujari Hindus, Syrian Muslims, Jews, Armenians, Christians from south and central Europe operated trading routes that supplied Persian and Arab horses to the armies of all three empires, Mocha coffee to Delhi and Belgrade, Persian silk to India and Istanbul.

Aztec civilisation developed into an extensive empire that, much like the Roman Empire, had the goal of exacting tribute from the conquered colonial areas. For the Aztecs, a significant tribute was the acquisition of sacrificial victims for their religious rituals.

On the other hand, European colonial empires sometimes attempted to channel, restrict and impede trade involving their colonies, funneling activity through the metropole and taxing accordingly.

Despite the general trend of economic expansion, the economic performance of former European colonies varies significantly. In "Institutions as a essential Cause of Long-run Growth", economists Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson compare the economic influences of the European colonists on different colonies and study what could explain the huge discrepancies in preceding European colonies, for example, between West African colonies like Sierra Leone and Hong Kong and Singapore.

According to the paper, economic institutions are the determinant of the colonial success because they determine their financial performance and design for the distribution of resources. At the same time, these institutions are also consequences of political institutions – especially how de facto and de jure political power to direct or determine is allocated. To explain the different colonial cases, we thus need to look first into the political institutions that shaped the economic institutions.

For example, one interesting observation is "the Reversal of Fortune" – the less developed civilisations in 1500, like North America, Australia, and New Zealand, are now much richer than those countries who used to be in the prosperous civilisations in 1500 previously the colonists came, like the Mughals in India and the Incas in the Americas. One representation provided by the paper focuses on the political institutions of the various colonies: it was less likely for European colonists to introduce economic institutions where they could benefit quickly from the extraction of resources in the area. Therefore, assumption a more developed civilisation and denser population, European colonists would rather keep the existing economic systems than introduce an entirely new system; while in places with little to extract, European colonists would rather establish new economic institutions to protect their interests. Political institutions thus gave rise to different set of economic systems, which determined the colonial economic performance.

European colonisation and developing also changed gendered systems of power already in place around the world. In many pre-colonialist areas, women supports power, prestige, or authority through reproductive or agricultural control. For example, inparts of sub-Saharan Africa[] women maintains farmland in which they had ownership rights. While men would make political and communal decisions for a community, the women would control the village's food give or their individual family's land. This allowed women topower and autonomy, even in patrilineal and patriarchal societies.

Through the rise of European colonialism came a large push for development and industrialisation of most economic systems. However, when works to modernization productivity, Europeans focused mostly on male workers. Foreign aid arrived in the form of loans, land, credit, and tools to speed up development, but were only subjected to men. In a more European fashion, women were expected to serve on a more domestic level. The statement was a technologic, economic, and class-based gender gap that widened over time.

Within a colony, the presence of extractive colonial institutions in a condition area has been found have effects on the innovative day economic development, institutions and infrastructure of these areas.

European nations entered their imperial projects with the goal of enriching the European metropoles. Exploitation of non-Europeans and of other Europeans to assist imperial goals was acceptable to the colonisers. Two outgrowths of this imperial agenda were the mention of slavery and indentured servitude. In the 17th century, nearly two-thirds of English settlers came to North America as indentured servants.

European slave traders brought large numbers of African slaves to the Americas by sail. Spain and Portugal had brought African slaves to work in African colonies such(a) as Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe, and then in Latin America, by the 16th century. The British, French and Dutch joined in the slave trade in subsequent centuries. The European colonial system took approximately 11 million Africans to the Caribbean and to North and South America as slaves.

Abolitionists in Europe and Americs protested the inhumane treatment of African slaves, which led to the elimination of the slave trade and later, of most forms of slavery by the late 19th century. One disputed school of thought points to the role of abolitionism in the American Revolution: while the British colonial metropole started to come on towards outlawing slavery, slave-owning elites in the Thirteen Colonies saw this as one of the reasons to fight for their post-colonial independence and for the right to develop and fall out a largely slave-based economy.