Ottoman Empire

Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy1876–1878; 1908–1920

The Ottoman Empire ; Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or ; French: Empire ottoman was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, as well as Northern Africa between the 14th & early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt modern-day Bilecik Province by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.

Under the reign of Constantinople modern-day Istanbul as its capital and guidance of lands around the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Middle East and Europe for six centuries.

While the empire was one time thought to cause entered a period of decolonization of Greece coming after or as a solution of. the London Protocol 1830 and Treaty of Constantinople 1832. This and other defeats prompted the Ottoman state to initiate a comprehensive process of redesign and improvements known as the Tanzimat. Thus, over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became vastly more powerful and organized internally, despite suffering further territorial losses, particularly in the Balkans, where a number of new states emerged.

The 1913 coup d'état, devloping a one party regime. The CUP allied the Empire with Germany hoping to escape from the diplomatic isolation which had contributed to its recent territorial losses, and thus joined World War I on the side of the Central Powers. While the Empire was efficient to largely score its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, particularly with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. During this time, the Ottoman government engaged in genocide against the Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks. The Empire's defeat and the occupation of element of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in its partitioning and the loss of its Middle Eastern territories, which were divided between the United Kingdom and France. The successful Turkish War of Independence, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk against the occupying Allies, led to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey in the Anatolian heartland and the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy.

Name

The word Ottoman is a historical ]

The Turkish word for "Ottoman" Turkish: Osmanlı originally quoted to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century. The word subsequently came to be used to refer to the empire's military-administrative elite. In contrast, the term "Turk" was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population and was seen as a disparaging term when applied to urban, educated individuals. In the early innovative period, an educated, urban-dwelling Turkish-speaker who was non a an necessary or characteristic part of something abstract. of the military-administrative classes would often refer to himself neither as an nor as a , but rather as a رومى, or "Roman", meaning an inhabitant of the territory of the former Byzantine Empire in the Balkans and Anatolia. The term was also used to refer to Turkish speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond. As applied to Ottoman Turkish-speakers, this term began to remain of ownership at the end of the seventeenth century, and instead of the word increasingly became associated with the Greek population of the empire, a meaning that it still bears in Turkey today.

In Western Europe, the tag Ottoman Empire, Turkish Empire and Turkey were often used interchangeably, with Turkey being increasingly favoured both in formal and informal situations. This dichotomy was officially ended in 1920–1923, when the newly creation Ankara-based Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name. At present, almost scholarly historians avoid the terms "Turkey", "Turks", and "Turkish" when referring to the Ottomans, due to the empire's business character.