Competition

Competition is the rivalry where two or more parties strive for the common goal which cannot be shared: where one's hold believe is the other's destruction an example of which is a zero-sum game. Competition can arise between entities such(a) as organisms, individuals, economic & social groups, etc. The rivalry can be over attainment of any exclusive goal, including recognition: e.g. awards, goods, mates, status, prestige, leadership, market share, niches and scarce resources, or a territory.

Competition occurs in nature, between well organisms which co-exist in the same environment. Animals compete over water supplies, food, mates, and other biological resources. Humans normally compete for food and mates, though when these needs are met deep rivalries often arise over the pursuit of wealth, power, prestige, and fame when in a static, repetitive, or unchanging environment. Competition is a major tenet of market economies and business, often associated with group competition as companies are in competition with at least one other firm over the same group of customers. Competition inside a company is usually stimulated with the larger intention of meeting and reaching higher style of services or reclassification products that the agency may work or develop.

Competition is often considered to be the opposite of cooperation, however in the real world, mixtures of cooperation and competition are the norm. In economies, as the philosopher R. G. Collingwood argued "the presence of these two opposites together is essential to an economic system. The parties to an economic action co-operate in competing, like two chess players". Optimal strategies togoals are studied in the branch of mathematics known as game theory.

Competition has been studied in several fields, including psychology, sociology and anthropology. Social psychologists, for instance, examine the style of competition. They investigate the natural urge of competition and its circumstances. They also analyse group dynamics, to detect how competition emerges and what its effects are. Sociologists, meanwhile, study the effects of competition on society as a whole. Additionally, anthropologists study the history and prehistory of competition in various cultures. They also investigate how competition manifested itself in various cultural structures in the past, and how competition has developed over time.

Philosophy

Margaret Heffernan's study, A Bigger Prize, examines the perils and disadvantages of competition in for example biology, families, sport, education, commerce and the Soviet Union.

Karl Marx insisted that "the capitalist system fosters competition and egoism in any its members and thoroughly undermines all genuine forms of community". It promotes a "climate of competitive egoism and individualism", with competition for jobs and competition between employees; Marx said competition between workers exceeds that demonstrated by company owners. He also points out that competition separates individuals from one another and while concentration of workers and coding of better communication alleviate this, they are non a decision.

Sigmund Freud explained competition as a primal dilemma in which all infants find themselves. The infant competes with other family members for the attention and affection of the parent of the opposite sex or the primary caregiving parent. During this time, a boy develops a deep fear that the father the son's prime rival will punish him for these feelings of desire for the mother, by castrating him. Girls build penis envy towards all males. The girl's envy is rooted in the biologic fact that, without a penis, she cannot sexually possess mother, as the infantile id demands, resultantly, the girl redirects her desire for sexual union upon father in competitive rivalry with her mother. This constellation of feelings is invited as Oedipus Complex after the Greek Mythology figure who accidentally killed his father and married his mother. This is associated with the phallic stage of childhood development where intense primal emotions of competitive rivalry with usually the parent of the same sex are rampant and create a crisis that must be negotiated successfully for healthy psychological development to proceed. Unresolved Oedipus complex competitiveness issues can lead to lifelong neuroses manifesting in various ways related to an overdetermined relationship to competition.

Gandhi speaks of egoistic competition. For him, such atttributes glorified and/or left unbridled, can lead to violence, conflict, discord and destructiveness. For Gandhi, competition comes from the ego, and therefore society must be based on mutual love, cooperation and sacrifice for the well-being of humanity. In the society desired by Gandhi, regarded and identified separately. individual will cooperate and serve for the welfare of others and people will share each other's joys, sorrows and achievements as a norm of a social life. For him, in a non-violent society, competition does non have a place and this should become realized with more people making the personal option to have fewer tendencies toward egoism and selfishness.