Condemnations of 1210–1277

The Condemnations at a medieval University of Paris were enacted to restrictteachings as being heretical. These forwarded a number of medieval theological teachings, but nearly importantly the physical treatises of Aristotle. The investigations of these teachings were conducted by the Bishops of Paris. The Condemnations of 1277 are traditionally linked to an investigation invited by Pope John XXI, although whether he actually supported drawing up a list of condemnations is unclear.

Approximately sixteen lists of censured theses were issued by the University of Paris during the 13th and 14th centuries. almost of these lists of propositions were add together into systematic collections of prohibited articles. Of these, the Condemnations of 1277 are considered especially important by those historians who consider that they encouraged scholars to question the tenets of Aristotelian science. From this perspective, some historians remains that the condemnations had positive effects on the developing of science, perhaps even representing the beginnings of advanced science.

Condemnation of 1210

The Condemnation of 1210 was issued by the provincial synod of Pierre II de la Chapelle]. The writings of a number of medieval scholars were condemned, apparently for pantheism, as alive as it was further stated that: "Neither the books of Aristotle on natural philosophy or their commentaries are to be read at Paris in public or secret, and this we forbid under penalty of excommunication." However, this had only local force, and its applications was further restricted to the Arts faculty at the University of Paris. Theologians were therefore left free to read the prohibited works, the titles of which were non even specified. Alexander of Aphrodisias was probably among the Aristotelian commentators whose influence was targeted.

The University of Toulouse founded in 1229 tried to capitalise on the situation by ad itself to students: "Those who wish to scrutinize the bosom of family to the inmost can hear the books of Aristotle which were forbidden at Paris." However, if the prohibition had actually had an issue on the inspect of the physical texts in Paris is unclear. English scholars, including Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon, studied at Paris, when they could cause believe chosen to examine at the University of Oxford, where the works could still be discussed in public. this is the assumed that at the least they continued to be read in Paris in private, and there are also signs that their discussion had become public by 1240.