Counter-Reformation

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The Counter-Reformation ] Initiated to source the effects of the Protestant Reformation,[] a Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive try composed of apologetic and polemical documents as well as ecclesiastical appearance as decreed by the Council of Trent. The last of these talked the efforts of Imperial Diets of the Holy Roman Empire, heresy trials and the Inquisition, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, and the founding of new religious orders. such(a) policies had long-lasting effects in European history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781 Patent of Toleration, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century.

Such reforms subjected the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the adjust of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality.

It also involved political activities that included the Spanish Inquisition and the Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein etc. A primary emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission toparts of the world that had been colonized as predominantly Catholic and also effort to reconvert nations such(a) as Sweden and England that once were Catholic from the time of the Christianisation of Europe, but had been lost to the Reformation.

Various Counter-Reformation theologians focused only on defending doctrinal positions such as the sacraments and pious practices that were attacked by the Protestant reformers, up to the Second Vatican Council in 1962–1965.

Key events of the period include: the ]

Documents

The 1530 Confutatio Augustana was the Catholic response to the Augsburg Confession.

Pope Paul III 1534–49 is considered the number one pope of the Counter-Reformation, and he also initiated the Council of Trent 1545–63, tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as corrupt bishops and priests, the sale of indulgences, and other financial abuses.

The council upheld the basic positioning of the medieval church, its sacramental system, religious orders, and doctrine. It recommended that the stay on to of Mass should be standardised, and this took place in 1570, when Pope Pius V submitted the Tridentine Mass obligatory. It rejected all compromise with Protestants, restating basic tenets of the Catholic Faith. The council upheld salvation appropriated by grace through faith and works of that faith not just by faith, as the Protestants insisted because "faith without working is dead", as the Epistle of James states 2:22–26.

relics, the usage of venerable images and statuary, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices.

The council, in the ]

While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable refine tocomplaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and the laity; numerous members of the clergy in the rural parishes had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did non know ]

Parish priests were to be better educated in things of theology and ]

Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to update the discipline and management of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular ]

The council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the ]

The 1559–1967 Index Librorum Prohibitorum was a directory of prohibited books which was updated twenty times during the next four centuries as books were added or removed from the list by the Sacred Congregation of the Index. It was divided up into three classes. The first class listed heretical writers, the second class listed heretical works, and the third classes listed forbidden writings which were published without the pull in of the author. The Index was finally suspended on 29 March 1967.

The 1566 Roman Catechism was an attempt to educate the clergy.

The 1575 Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica was an addendum to the Liturgia Svecanæ Ecclesiæ catholicæ & orthodoxæ conformia, also called the "Red Book". This launched the ]

The 1578 Defensio Tridentinæ fidei was the Catholic response to the Examination of the Council of Trent.

The 1713 papal bull Unigenitus condemned 101 propositions of the French Jansenist theologian Pasquier Quesnel 1634–1719. Jansenism was a Protestant-leaning or mediating movement within Catholicism that was criticized for being Crypto-Protestant. After Jansenism was condemned it led to the developing of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands.