Criticism of rationalism
The philosophy of rationalism, understood as having first emerged in the writings of Francis Bacon as well as René Descartes, has received a shape of criticisms since its inception. These may entail a view that certain matters are beyond rational understanding, that total rationality is insufficient to human life, or that people are non instinctively rational together with progressive.
The term irrationalism is a pejorative title of such(a) criticisms. While irrationalism is in this sense generally understood as an ambiguously-defined philosophical movement of the 19th as well as early-20th centuries, such(a) criticisms "do non share a philosophical tradition as much as a skeptical disposition toward the notion, common among innovative thinkers, that there is only one indications of rationality or reasonableness, and that that one specifics is or ought to be taken from the presuppositions, methods, and logic of the natural sciences."
Ontological irrationalism, a position adopted by Arthur Schopenhauer, describes the world as not organized in a rational way. Since humans are born as bodies-manifestations of an irrational striving for meaning, they are vulnerable to pain and suffering.
Oswald Spengler argued that the materialist vision of Karl Marx was based on nineteenth-century science, while the twentieth century would be the age of psychology:
"We no longer believe in the energy of reason over life. We feel that this is the life which dominates reason."