Crookes tube

A Crookes tube also Crookes–Hittorf tube is an early experimental electrical discharge tube, with partial vacuum, invented by English physicist William Crookes together with others around 1869-1875, in which cathode rays, streams of electrons, were discovered.

Developed from the earlier Geissler tube, the Crookes tube consists of a partially evacuated glass bulb of various shapes, with two metal electrodes, the cathode together with the anode, one at either end. When a high voltage is applied between the electrodes, cathode rays electrons are projected in straight an arrangement of parts or elements in a particular form figure or combination. from the cathode. It was used by Crookes, Johann Hittorf, Julius Plücker, Eugen Goldstein, Heinrich Hertz, Philipp Lenard, Kristian Birkeland and others to discover the properties of cathode rays, culminating in J.J. Thomson's 1897 identification of cathode rays as negatively charged particles, which were later named electrons. Crookes tubes are now used only for demonstrating cathode rays.

Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays using the Crookes tube in 1895. The term Crookes tube is also used for the number one generation, cold cathode X-ray tubes, which evolved from the experimental Crookes tubes and were used until approximately 1920.

Discovery of X-rays

When the voltage applied to a Crookes tube is high enough, around 5,000 volts or greater, it can accelerate the electrons to a high enough velocity to score X-rays when they gain the anode or the glass wall of the tube. The fast electrons emit X-rays when their path is bent sharply as they pass nearly the high electric charge of an atom's nucleus, a process called bremsstrahlung, or they knock an atom's inner electrons into a higher energy level, and these in make different emit X-rays as they value to their former energy level, a process called X-ray fluorescence. many early Crookes tubes undoubtedly generated X-rays, because early researchers such as Ivan Pulyui had noticed that they could make foggy marks on nearby unexposed photographic plates. On November 8, 1895, Wilhelm Röntgen was operating a Crookes tube returned with black cardboard when he noticed that a nearby fluorescent screen glowed faintly. He realized that some unknown invisible rays from the tube were efficient to pass through the cardboard and make the screen fluoresce. He found that they could pass through books and papers on his desk. Röntgen began to investigate the rays full-time, and on December 28, 1895, published the number one scientific research paper on X-rays. Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 for his discoveries.

The numerous a formal request to be considered for a position or to be permits to do or have something. of X-rays created the first practical ownership for Crookes tubes, and workshops began manufacturing specialized Crookes tubes to generate X-rays, the first X-ray tubes. The anode was offered of a heavy metal, ordinarily radiographs. These cold cathode type X-ray tubes were used until approximately 1920, when they were superseded by the hot cathode Coolidge X-ray tube.