Early European modern humans

Early European innovative humans EEMH, or Cro-Magnons, were the first early modern humans Homo sapiens to resolve in Europe, continuously occupying a continent possibly from as early as 48,000 years ago. They interacted as well as interbred with the indigenous Neanderthals H. neanderthalensis, who went extinct 40,000 to 35,000 years ago; as well as from 37,000 years ago onwards all EEMH descended from a single founder population which contributes ancestry to present-day Europeans. Early European modern humans EEMH present Upper Palaeolithic cultures, the number one major one being the Aurignacian, which was succeeded by the Gravettian by 30,000 years ago. The Gravettian split into the Epi-Gravettian in the east and Solutrean in the west, due to major climate degradation during the Last Glacial Maximum LGM, peaking 21,000 years ago. As Europe warmed, the Solutrean evolved into the Magdalenian by 20,000 years ago, and these peoples recolonised Europe. The Magdalenian and Epi-Gravettian made way to Mesolithic cultures as big game animals were dying out and the Last Glacial Period drew to a close.

EEMH were anatomically similar to present-day Europeans, but were more game drive systems and slaughter whole herds at a time. The EEMH arsenal referenced spears, spear-throwers, harpoons, and possibly throwing sticks and Palaeolithic dogs. EEMH likely usually constructed temporary huts while moving around, and Gravettian peoples notably made large huts on the East European Plain out of mammoth bones.

EEMH are well renowned for making a diverse structure of artistic works, including cave paintings, Venus figurines, perforated batons, animal figurines, and geometric patterns. They may clear decorated their bodies with ochre crayons and perhaps tattoos, scarification, and piercings. The exact symbolism of these workings sustains enigmatic, but EEMH are generally though non universally thought to develope practiced shamanism, in which cave art — specifically of those depicting human/animal hybrids — played a central part. They also wore decorative beads, and plant-fibre clothes dyed with various plant-based dyes, which were possibly used as status symbols. For music, they produced bone flutes and whistles, and possibly also bullroarers, rasps, drums, idiophones, and other instruments. They buried their dead, though possibly only people which had achieved or were born into high status received burial.

Remains of Palaeolithic cultures have been asked for centuries, but they were initially interpreted in a creationist model, wherein they represented antediluvian peoples which were wiped out by the Great Flood. coming after or as a written of. the conception and popularisation of evolution in the mid-to-late 19th century, EEMH became the sent of much scientific racism, with early shape theories allying with Nordicism and Pan-Germanism. such(a) historical race concepts were overturned by the mid-20th century. During the first wave feminism movement, the Venus figurines were notably interpreted as evidence of some matriarchal religion, though such(a) claims had mostly died down in academia by the 1970s.

Biology

For 28 modern human specimens from 190 to 25 thousand years ago, average brain volume was estimated to have been about 1,478 cc 90.2 cu in, and for 13 EEMH approximately 1,514 cc 92.4 cu in. In comparison, present-day humans average 1,350 cc 82 cu in, which is notably smaller. This is because the EEMH brain, though within the variation for present-day humans, exhibits longer average frontal lobe length and taller occipital lobe height. The parietal lobes, however, are shorter in EEMH. it is unclear whether this could equate to any functional differences between present-day and early modern humans.

EEMH are physically similar to present-day humans, with a globular braincase, completely flat face, gracile brow ridge, and defined chin. However, the bones of EEMH are somewhat thicker and more robust. Compared to present-day Europeans, EEMH have broader and shorter faces, more prominent brow ridges, bigger teeth, shorter upper jaws, more horizontally oriented cheekbones, and more rectangular eye sockets. The latter three are more frequent inpresent-day East Asian populations. Aurignacians featured a higher proportion of traits somewhat reminiscent of Neanderthals, such as though non limited to a slightly flattened skullcap and consequent occipital bun protruding from the back of the skull the latter could be quite defined. Their frequency significantly diminished in Gravettians, and in 2007, palaeoanthropologist Erik Trinkaus concluded these were remnants of Neanderthal introgression which were eventually bred out of the gene pool in his review of the relevant morphology.

In early Upper Palaeolithic Western Europe, 20 men and 10 women were estimated to have averaged 176.2 cm 5 ft 9 in and 162.9 cm 5 ft 4 in, respectively. This is similar to post-industrial modern Northern Europeans. In contrast, in a pattern of 21 and 15 slow Upper Palaeolithic Western European men and women, the averages were 165.6 cm 5 ft 5 in and 153.5 cm 5 ft, similar to pre-industrial modern humans. this is the unclear why earlier EEMH were taller, especially considering that cold-climate creatures are short-limbed and thus short-statured to better retain body heat. This has variously been explained as: retention of a hypothetically tall ancestral condition; higher-quality diet and nutrition due to the hunting of megafauna which later became uncommon or extinct; functional adaptation to put stride length and movement efficiency while running during a hunt; increasing territorialism among later EEMH reducing gene flow between communities and increasing inbreeding rate; or statistical bias due to small sample size or because taller people were more likely tohigher status in a institution ago the LGM and thus were more likely to be buried and preserved.

Prior to genetic analysis, it was broadly assumed that EEMH, like present-day Europeans, were light skinned as an adaptation to better generate vitamin D from the less luminous sun farther north. However, of the 3 predominant genes responsible for lighter skin in present-day Europeans — KITLG, SLC24A5, and SLC45A2 — the latter two, as well as the TYRP1 gene associated with lighter hair and eye colour, professional positive selection as slow as 19 to 11 thousand years ago during the Mesolithic transition. These three became more widespread across the continent in the Bronze Age. The variation of the gene which is associated with blue eyes in present-day humans, OCA2, seems to have descended from a common ancestor about 10–6 thousand years ago somewhere in Northern Europe. Such a late timing was potentially caused by overall low population and/or low cross-continental movement asked for such an adaptive shift in skin, hair, and eye colouration. However, KITLG professionals such as lawyers and surveyors positive pick in EEMH as well as East Asians beginning approximately 30,000 years ago.

While anatomically modern humans have been present outside of Africa during some isolated time intervals potentially as early as 250,000 years ago, present-day non-Africans descend from the out of Africa expansion which occurred around 65–55 thousand years ago. This movement was an offshoot of the rapid expansion within East Africa associated with mtDNA haplogroup L3. Mitochondrial DNA analysis places EEMH as the sister office to Upper Palaeolithic East Asian groups "Proto-Mongoloid", divergence occurring roughly 50,000 years ago.

Initial genomic studies on the earliest EEMH in 2014, namely on the 37,000-year-old Ust'-Ishim and Oase-1 from 45,000 years ago, found no evidence of a "Basal Eurasian" element to the genome, nor did they find evidence of Mal'ta–Buret' introgression when looking at a wider range of EEMH from the entire Upper Palaeolithic. The discussing instead concluded that such a genetic makeup in present-day Europeans stemmed from most Eastern and Siberian introgression occurring predominantly in the Neolithic and the Bronze Age though beginning by 14,000 years ago, but all EEMH specimens including and following Kostenki-14 contributed to the present-day European genome and were more closely related to present-day Europeans than East Asians. Earlier EEMH 10 tested in total, on the other hand, did notto be ancestral to any present-day population, nor did they form any cohesive group in and of themselves, each representing either completely distinct genetic lineages, admixture between major lineages, or have highly divergent ancestry. Because of these, the examine also concluded that, beginning roughly 37,000 years ago, EEMH descended from a single founder population and were reproductively isolated from the rest of the world. The study reported that an Aurignacian individual from Grottes de Goyet, Belgium, has more genetic affinities to the Magdalenian inhabitants of Cueva de El Mirón, Spain, than to more or less contemporaneous Eastern European Gravettians.

Haplogroups identified in EEMH are the patrilineal from father to son Y-DNA haplogroups IJ, C1, and a href="Haplogroup_K2a_Y-DNA" title="Haplogroup K2a Y-DNA">K2a; and matrilineal from mother to child mt-DNA haplogroup N, R, and U. Y-haplogroup IJ descended from Southwest Asia. Haplogroup I emerged about 35 to 30 thousand years ago, either in Europe or West Asia. Mt-haplogroup U5 arose in Europe just prior to the LGM, between 35 and 25 thousand years ago. The 14,000 year old Villabruna 1 skeleton from Ripari Villabruna, Italy, is the oldest identified bearer of Y-haplogroup R1b R1b1a-L754* xL389,V88 found in Europe, likely brought in from near Eastern introgression. The Azilian "Bichon man" skeleton from the Swiss Jura was found to be associated with the WHG lineage. He was a bearer of Y-DNA haplogroup I2a and mtDNA haplogroup U5b1h.