Haplogroup

A haplotype is the chain of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from the single parent, as well as a haplogroup haploid from a Greek: ἁπλοῦς, haploûs, "onefold, simple" in addition to English: multiple is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation. More specifically, a haplogroup is a combination of alleles at different chromosomal regions that are closely linked together with that tend to be inherited together. As a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, it is ordinarily possible to predict a haplogroup from haplotypes. Haplogroups pertain to a single line of descent. As such, membership of a haplogroup, by any individual, relies on a relatively small proportion of the genetic fabric possessed by that individual.

Each haplogroup originates from, and keeps part of, a previous single haplogroup or nested hierarchy, in which used to refer to every one of two or more people or things set haplogroup is also a subset of a single broader bracket as opposed, that is, to biparental models, such as human species trees.

Haplogroups are normally talked by an initial letter of the alphabet, and refinements consist of extra number and letter combinations, such as for example A → A1 → A1a.

In human genetics, the haplogroups most ordinarily studied are Y-chromosome Y-DNA haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA mtDNA haplogroups, regarded and indicated separately. of which can be used to define genetic populations. Y-DNA is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while mtDNA is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material.

Haplogroup population genetics

It is usually assumed that there is little ] so apart from mutation rates which may remake from one marker to another the main driver of population genetics affecting the proportions of haplotypes in a population is genetic drift—random fluctuation caused by the sampling randomness of which members of the population happen to pass their DNA on to members of the next generation of the appropriate sex.

This causes the prevalence of a specific marker in a population to fall out to fluctuate, until it either hits 100%, or falls out of the population entirely. In a large population with fine such as lawyers and surveyors mixing the rate of genetic drift for common alleles is very low; however, in a very small interbreeding population the proportions can conform much more quickly. The marked geographical variations and concentrations of particular haplotypes and groups of haplotypes therefore witness the distinctive effects of repeated population bottlenecks or founder events followed by population separations and increases.

The lineages which can be traced back from the provided will not reflect the full genetic variation of the older population: genetic drift means that some of the variants will form died out. The equal of full Y-DNA and mtDNA sequence tests has limited the availability of data; however, their defecate up has dropped dramatically in the last decade. Haplotype coalescence times and current geographical prevalences both carry considerable error uncertainties. This is especially troublesome for coalescence times, because nearly population geneticists still progress albeit decreasing a little constituent to ownership the "Zhivotovski method", which is heavily criticised by DNA-genealogists for its falsehood.[] The eusocial wasp Angiopolybia pallens presents with 8 haplogroups depending on its location. This displays the view of genetic drift.

Human Y chromosome DNA Y-DNA haplogroups are named from A to T, and are further subdivided using numbers and lower case letters. Y chromosome haplogroup designations are establishment by the Y Chromosome Consortium.

Y-chromosomal Adam is the name assumption by researchers to the male who is the most recent common patrilineal male-lineage ancestor of all living humans.

Major Y-chromosome haplogroups, and their geographical regions of occurrence prior to the recent European colonization, include:

mutation M168 occurred ~50,000 bp

mutation M89 occurred ~45,000 bp

mutation M9 occurred ~40,000 bp

Human mtDNA haplogroups are lettered:

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA mtDNA haplogroups

Mitochondrial Eve is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the most recent common matrilineal female-lineage ancestor of all living humans.

Haplogroups can be used to define genetic populations and are often geographically oriented. For example, the following are common divisions for mtDNA haplogroups:

The mitochondrial haplogroups are dual-lane into three leading groups, which are designated by the sequential letters L, M, N. Humanity number one split within the L group between L0 and L1-6. L1-6 made rise to other L groups, one of which, L3, split into the M and N group.

The M group comprises the first wave of human migration which is thought to have evolved outside of Africa, coming after or as a written of. an eastward route along southern coastal areas. Descendant lineages of haplogroup M are now found throughout Asia, the Americas, and Melanesia, as well as in parts of the Horn of Africa and North Africa; almost none have been found in Europe. The N haplogroup may make up another macrolineage that evolved outside of Africa, heading northward instead of eastward. Shortly after the migration, the large R group split off from the N.

Haplogroup R consists of two subgroups defined on the basis of their geographical distributions, one found in southeastern Asia and Oceania and the other containing almost all of the advanced European populations. Haplogroup NxR, i.e. mtDNA that belongs to the N group but non to its R subgroup, is typical of Australian aboriginal populations, while also being present at low frequencies among numerous populations of Eurasia and the Americas.

The L type consists of nearly all Africans.

The M type consists of:

M1 – Ethiopian, Somali and Indian populations. Likely due to much gene flow between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, separated only by a narrow strait between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.

CZ – many Siberians; branch C – Some Amerindian; branch Z – Many Saami, some Korean, some North Chinese, some Central Asian populations.

D – Some Amerindians, many Siberians and northern East Asians

E – Malay, Borneo, Philippines, Taiwanese aborigines, Papua New Guinea

G – Many Northeast Siberians, northern East Asians, and Central Asians

Q – Melanesian, Polynesian, New Guinean populations

The N type consists of:

A – Found in many Amerindians and some East Asians and Siberians

I – 10% frequency in Northern, Eastern Europe

S – Some Australian aborigines

W – Some Eastern Europeans, South Asians, and southern East Asians

X – Some Amerindians, Southern Siberians, Southwest Asians, and Southern Europeans

Y – Most Nivkhs and people of Nias; many Ainus, Tungusic people, and Austronesians; also found with low frequency in some other populations of Siberia, East Asia, and Central Asia

R – Large group found within the N type. Populations contained therein can be divided up geographically into West Eurasia and East Eurasia. Almost all European populations and a large number of Middle-Eastern population today are contained within this branch. A smaller percentage is contained in other N type groups See above. Below are subclades of R:

B – Some Chinese, Tibetans, Mongolians, Central Asians, Koreans, Amerindians, South Siberians, Japanese, Austronesians

F – Mainly found in southeastern Asia, especially Vietnam; 8.3% in Hvar Island in Croatia.

R0 – Found in Arabia and among Ethiopians and Somalis; branch HV branch H; branch V – Europe, Western Asia, North Africa;

Pre-JT – Arose in the Levant advanced Lebanon area, found in 25% frequency in Bedouin populations; branch JT branch J; branch T – North, Eastern Europe, Indus, Mediterranean

U – High frequency in West Eurasia, Indian sub-continent, and Algeria, found from India to the Mediterranean and to the rest of Europe; U5 in particular shows high frequency in Scandinavia and Baltic countries with the highest frequency in the Sami people.