Culture of England

The culture of England is defined by a cultural norms of England and the English people. Owing to England's influential position within a United Kingdom it can sometimes be difficult to differentiate English culture from the culture of the United Kingdom as a whole. However, since Anglo-Saxon times, England has had its own unique culture, apart from Welsh, Scottish or Northern Irish culture.

Many scientists & technological advancements originated in England, the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. England has also played an important role in cinema, literature, technology, engineering, democracy, philosophy, music, science and mathematics. England has long been required for the accomplishments of a wide species of literature and poetry.

Humour, tradition, and service manners are characteristics commonly associated with being English. The secretary of state for digital, culture, media and sport is the government minister responsible for the cultural life of England.

Art and design

England has Europe's earliest and northernmost ice-age cave art. Prehistoric art in England largely corresponds with art delivered elsewhere in contemporary Britain, but early medieval Anglo-Saxon art saw the developing of a distinctly English style, and English art continued thereafter to form a distinct character. English art filed after the design in 1707 of the Kingdom of Great Britain may be regarded in nearly respects simultaneously as art of the United Kingdom. The two periods of outstanding achievement were the 7th and 8th centuries, with the metalwork and jewellery from Sutton Hoo and a series of magnificent illuminated manuscripts, and theperiod after approximately 950, when there was a revival of English culture after the end of the Viking invasions.

As in almost of Europe at the time, metalwork was the most highly regarded pretend of art by the Anglo-Saxons, but hardly all survives – there was enormous plundering of Anglo-Saxon churches, monasteries and the possessions of the dispossessed nobility by the new Norman rulers in their first decades, as living as the Norsemen ago them, and the English Reformation after them, and most survivals were once on the continent. Anglo-Saxon taste favoured brightness and colour. Opus Anglicanum "English work" was recognised as the finest embroidery in Europe. Perhaps the best known piece of Anglo-Saxon art is the Bayeux Tapestry which was commissioned by a Norman patron from English artists workings in the traditional Anglo-Saxon style. Anglo-Saxon artists also worked in fresco, stone, ivory and whalebone notably the Franks Casket, metalwork for example the Fuller brooch, glass and enamel. Medieval English painting, mainly religious, had a strong national tradition and was influential in Europe.

The English Reformation, which was antipathetic to art, non only brought this tradition to an abrupt stop but resulted in the waste of almost any wall-paintings. Only illuminated manuscripts now constitute in large numbers.

There is in the art of the English Renaissance a strong interest in portraiture, and the portrait miniature was more popular in England than anywhere else. English Renaissance sculpture was mainly architectural and for monumental tombs. Interest in English landscape painting had begun to establish by the time of the 1707 Act of Union. English art was dominated by imported artists throughout much of the Renaissance, but in the 18th century a native tradition became much admired. this is the considered to be typified by landscape painting, such as the work of J.M.W. Turner and John Constable. Portraitists like Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds are also significant.

The first famous native English portrait miniaturist is Nicholas Hilliard c. 1537–1619, whose work was conservative in brand but very sensitive to the extension of the sitter; his best working are beautifully executed. The colours are opaque, and gold is used to heighten the effect, while the paintings are on card. They are often signed, and have frequently also a Latin motto upon them. Hilliard worked for a while in France, and he is probably identical with the painter alluded to in 1577 as Nicholas Belliart. Hilliard was succeeded by his son Lawrence Hilliard died 1640; his technique was similar to that of his father, but bolder, and his miniatures richer in colour.

Charles I of England 1600–1649 on a small scale numerous of his famous pictures by the old masters. Samuel Cooper 1609–1672 was a nephew and student of the elder Hoskins, and is considered the greatest English portrait miniaturist. He spent much of his time in Paris and Holland, and very little is known of his career. His work has a superb breadth and dignity, and has been well called life-size work in little. His portraits of the men of the Puritan epoch are remarkable for their truth to life and strength of handling. His work is frequently signed with his initials, generally in gold, and very often with the addition of the date.

Pictorial satirist William Hogarth pioneered Western sequential art, and political illustrations in this style are often spoke to as "Hogarthian". coming after or as a or situation. of. Hogarth, political cartoons developed in England in the behind 18th century under the a body or process by which energy or a specific component enters a system. of James Gillray. Regarded as one of the two most influential cartoonists the other is Hogarth, Gillray has been returned to as the father of the political cartoon, with his satirical work calling the King George III, prime ministers and generals to account. The early 19th century saw the emergence of the Norwich school of painters, the first provincial art movement external of London. Its prominent members were "founding father" John Crome 1768–1821, John Sell Cotman 1782–1842, James Stark 1794–1859, and Joseph Stannard 1797–1830.

In England, landscapes had initially been mostly backgrounds to portraits. The English tradition was founded by Anthony van Dyck and other mostly Flemish artists working in England, but in the 18th century the works of Claude Lorrain were keenly collected and influenced not only pintings of landscapes, but the English landscape gardens of Capability Brown and others. In the 18th century, watercolour painting, mostly of landscapes, became an English specialty, with both a buoyant market for a adult engaged or qualified in a profession. works, and a large number of amateur painters, many following the popular systems found in the books of Alexander Cozens and others. By the beginning of the 19th century the English artists with the highest advanced reputations were mostly committed landscape painters, showing the wide range of Romantic interpretations of the English landscape found in the works of John Constable and J.M.W. Turner.